INTRODUCTION
Knee osteoarthritis is one of the representative motor disorders in the elderly [
1]. The number of patients with knee osteoarthritis in Japan is estimated to be 25.3 million, and the need for medical intervention as a common disease is inevitably increasing [
2]. It can also be a risk of locomotive syndrome, which limits daily activities and increases the risk of nursing care [
3]. There is also a risk that pain from knee osteoarthritis reduces exercise opportunities, leading to decreased activity and quality of life. Park et al. [
4] suggest that knee osteoarthritis is significantly associated with decreased mental health and health-related quality of life (HRQOL). We verified and informed the time-dependent change of HRQOL by the rehabilitation intervention on 62 cases of old osteoarthritis patients treated conservatively [
5]. As a result, knee function, fear of falling, and instrumental activities of daily living (ADL) was significantly improved from the start of rehabilitation to 3 months after the intervention. However, there was no improvement in depression and HRQOL scores, physical component score and mental component score. It is necessary to establish treatment measures based on psychological factors such as depression caused by chronic pain in knee osteoarthritis. Meeus et al. [
6] reported on the effects of patient education, which improved psychological factors related to pain. Snyder and Engström [
7] reported on the effectiveness of oral and pamphlet teaching as a method of patient education and described its effectiveness.
Therefore, for patients with knee osteoarthritis, the introduction of patient education aimed at improving chronic pain and psychological factors as part of rehabilitation may be effective for the reduction of pain and psychological factors such as depression and anxiety, and may prevent the decrease of activity and the decrease of HRQOL. However, there have been no reports that have examined the effects and trends of rehabilitation incorporating patient education for knee osteoarthritis on psychological factors such as pain, depression, and fear of falling, as well as HRQOL. Furthermore, there have been no reports examining the time course of HRQOL in patients with knee osteoarthritis using patient education and rehabilitation intervention based on behavior change.
The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of combined patient education and conservative rehabilitation on pain, psychological factors, and change of HRQOL in patients with knee osteoarthritis.
RESULTS
The baseline characteristics of the subjects are presented in
Table 1.
Changes in JOA score are shown in
Fig. 1. The JOA score was significantly improved 1 month after the patient education intervention compared to before the intervention (p<0.01). There was no significant difference in the presence or absence of painkillers or intra-articular injections in each period. Results of PCS and MCS scores for SF-8 items are shown (
Fig. 2). MCS score ranged from 47.9 before the intervention to 48.6 at the end of the intervention. The PCS score ranged from 40.8 before the intervention to 48.4 at the end of the intervention. PCS score was significantly improved 1 month after the patient education intervention compared to the start (p<0.01). There were no significant differences in MCS scores between the time periods.
Changes in FES and FAI are shown in
Figs. 3,
4. At the end of the patient education intervention, it was significantly lower than at the start (p<0.01). GDS score is shown in
Fig. 5. GDS score was significantly improved 1 month after the patient education intervention compared to the start (p<0.01).
Table 2 shows the correlation between PCS score, MCS score, and measurement items at each time period. PCS score was negatively correlated with FES before and 1 month after the patient education intervention (p<0.01, p<0.05). MCS score was negatively correlated with Age and FES (p<0.05, p<0.01).
Results of multiple regression analysis with PCS and MCS scores at final follow-up as dependent variables and age, sex, FES, FAI and GDS as independent variables are shown in
Table 3. Sex was extracted as an influencing factor for PCS scores (p<0.01). FES was also extracted as an influencing factor of MCS score (p=0.046).
DISCUSSION
A prospective cohort study of patient education interventions for osteoarthritis of the knee shows two major finds. First, the patient education intervention improved PCS score but not MCS score. Second, age was found to be an influencing factor for PCS score, and fair of falling was found to be an influencing factor for MCS score.
Muraki et al. [
20] describes HRQOL in knee osteoarthritis, revealed that in severe cases, the PCS score decreases and correlated with pain. The PCS score also correlated with pain and grip strength. On the other hand, the MCS is not related to the severity of knee osteoarthritis, and a variety of factors were involved. In our previous studies have examined changes in HRQOL when knee osteoarthritis is treated with rehabilitation without patient education. As a result, JOA scores, fear of falling, and instrumental ADL improved significantly from the start of rehabilitation to three months after the intervention. However, depression and mental and PCS score did not significantly improve. In the current study with patient education, depression and PCS score were significantly better than before patient education, indicating that patient education may be effective for depression and physical HRQOL. To improve MCS, it is necessary to review the contents of the current education program and verify the education program for cases with severe psychosomatic elements.
The association between MCS and PCS scores tended to correlate with fear of falling, indicating that taking a fall prevention approach may improve HRQOL.
Second, age was found to be an influencing factor for PCS score, and fear of falling was extracted as a factor influencing MCS score at the end of patient education. FES showed a negative correlation with MCS score. The results suggest that fear of falling affects MCS more than PCS score. Therefore, educational guidance and functional training to reduce fear of falling were considered necessary to improve MCS score.
For fear of falling and HRQOL, Stanghelle et al. [
21] examined whether balance training in vertebral fractures affects fear of falling and HRQOL. Balance training reduced the fear of falling and showed improvements in muscle strength and balance ability. However, they noted that balance training did not improve HRQOL. We have verified and reported the transition of HRQOL in osteoarthritis of the knee by rehabilitation intervention [
5]. As with the results of Stanghelle et al. [
21], there was no improvement in HRQOL with the exercise intervention, but there was a significant improvement in fear of falling.
In this study, we investigated the effects of a rehabilitation intervention incorporating patient education on HRQOL, psychological factors and motor function in patients with knee osteoarthritis. As a result, improvements in PCS score were observed in osteoarthritis of the knee by the patient education program. The patient program we implemented introduced the behavior change program proposed by Sedlak et al. [
10]. As to reasons for the lack of improvement in MCS score, it is possible that the behavior change program proposed by Sedlak et al. [
10] consisted of I. motivate, II. persuade verbally, and III. elicit physiologically and emotionally, which had an improving effect on the physical approach but not enough intervention on the psychological approach. It is necessary to strengthen the approach to mental health, role emotional and social functioning which are the items of MCS score.
Fear of falling was also identified as an influencing factor of HRQOL in the multivariate analysis. The reason for this was thought to be that when the fear of falling is high, the mental health may be affected by the decreased opportunity to go out and the decreased social function caused by the fear of falling. It is possible that rehabilitation approaches that reduce the fear of falling, such as strengthening gait stability, trunk balance, and lower limb muscle strength, may be effective in improving HRQOL. Regarding the relationship between fear of falling and HRQOL, Stanghelle et al. [
21] examined the effects of a resistance and balance exercise program on physical fitness, HRQOL and fear of falling in osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures. The results showed that there was no significant improvement in HRQOL, although there were two weeks of a supervised multicomponent resistance and balance exercise program improved muscle strength and balance and reduced fear of falling. Our validation with the exercise therapy intervention also showed no improvement in HRQOL. Exercise therapy interventions for motor disorders, which are common among the elderly, did not improve HRQOL, and an approach to life anxiety associated with old age, such as senile depression and fear of falling, is necessary to improve HRQOL. Taglietti et al. [
22] also reported on the association between knee osteoarthritis and fearing of falling, stating that sensory instability is related to fearing of falling in knee osteoarthritis. In order to improve the fearing of falling in knee osteoarthritis, it is necessary to enhance trunk stability. Simsek et al. [
23] also reported that fear of falling is higher among older females over 80, especially if they live alone. In order to reduce the fear of falling in the elderly, not only an exercise therapy approach, but also the enhancement of social support and support for the elderly living alone would lead to a decrease in the fear of falling and further improve HRQOL.
In our study, we introduced risk guidance for knee pain and an approach to anxiety, self-directed training guidance, and a patient education program for osteoarthritis of the knee, and examined the effects of improving HRQOL. They found improvement in PCS score, but not in MCS score. No research has examined the transition of HRQOL due to the introduction of a patient education program in patients with knee osteoarthritis, and it is necessary to improve and verify the education program considering the MCS score items of mental health, role emotional and social functioning. In addition, considering the social background, it is expected that in elderly people living alone, not only the approach of an exercise therapy but also the support for the enhancement of social support will reduce the fair of falling and lead to the improvement of HRQOL.
Furthermore, multivariate analysis extracted sex as an influential factor in PCS score. This may be because osteoarthritis of the knee is reported to be more likely to be severe in postmenopausal females [
24], and as a result, sex may have been extracted as an influential factor in PCS score.
One of the limitations of this study is that, first, because of the exploratory study, we were able to verify changes and transitions over time in the same subjects through the intervention of the patient education program, but the validation of the effectiveness of the validation patient education program was insufficient. Since this study is a single arm design study, it is considered to be a limitation that it cannot be compared with a control group. It is considered that the verification g compared with the control group is necessary in future. Second, there was insufficient verification of the relationship between the patients’ backgrounds, such as the presence or absence of mental illness, the presence or absence of a history of psychiatric visits, and the use of psychotropic drugs. It is necessary to examine the influence of psychiatric disorders on knee osteoarthritis in the future.
As a result of patient education that included motivate, persuade verbally, elicit physiologically and emotionally as a behavior change program, PCS score of HRQOL items improved, but MCS score did not. In the following, it is necessary to verify patient education programs focusing on mental health, role emotional and social functioning as a treatment approach to improve HRQOL of knee osteoarthritis. The results also indicate that an educational approach to fear of falling may improve anxiety and that functional training may be effective in improving HRQOL in knee osteoarthritis.