INTRODUCTION
Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS), which is the most common disorder of peripheral neuropathy, is diagnosed based on medical history, physical examination, and electrodiagnostic (EDX) examination.1,2 EDX examination is extremely useful for evaluation of the location of lesions and the severity of entrapment peripheral neuropathy.3
Recently, many studies involving ultrasonography have been conducted because the method is non-invasive, provides a real-time anatomical image of lesions, and it has been reported to help in the diagnosis of CTS.4
There are various CTS treatment options including nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, wrist splinting, steroid injection, and surgery. Among these methods, steroid injection is frequently used as an easy, simple, safe, and effective treatment.5
However, the long-term effects of steroid injections for CTS are debatable, and EDX parameters have shown limited improvement, when compared to clinical improvements.6-8
There have also been several studies conducted to investigate ultrasonographic changes following CTS surgery. However, few studies have been conducted to investigate ultrasonographic changes after steroid injection. Indeed, no studies have been conducted for follow-up of EDX examination with ultrasonography.
Therefore, in this study, we evaluated the long-term effects of steroid injection in CTS patients by using changes in clinical, EDX, and ultrasonographic parameters. In addition, we examined the feasibility of using initial parameters to predict the effects of steroid injection therapy in CTS patients.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Subjects
CTS patients were enrolled based on their EDX criteria and clinical symptoms such as tingling sensation or pain in the first to third fingers, burning sensation, paresthesia, weakness of hand grip power, and muscle atrophy.
Patients with underlying metabolic disorders such as diabetes mellitus, genetic disorders, upper limb surgery, peripheral polyneuropathy, and traumatic nerve injury were excluded from this study.
Methods
Clinical assessment was conducted using the Boston self-assessment questionnaire (BQ), which is the most commonly used outcome measure of assessment for improvements in clinical symptoms and functional recovery of patients with CTS.
EDX examination was conducted using Nicolet Viking IV® (Nicolet Biomedical, Madison, WI, USA). Skin temperature of the hand was maintained above 32℃, while a median motor nerve conduction study was employed to record the initial latency and baseline to peak amplitude from the abductor pollicis brevis muscle center (active site) while stimulation was performed at the wrist, 7 cm from the recording site. A median sensory nerve conduction study was employed to record the initial latency and baseline to peak amplitude from the 3rd finger (active site), with retrograde stimulation being conducted at the wrist (14 cm proximal area from the recording site) and the palm (7 cm proximal area from the recording site). The EDX criteria of CTS was determined based on a median motor latency >4.2 ms, median sensory onset latency >3.8 ms, or a ratio of proximal and distal onset latency > 2.0.9
Ultrasonography studies were performed using a HDI 3500 (ATL®, Bothell, WA, USA) with a 12 MHz line array transducer. A physician, blinded to the EDX findings and clinical parameters, evaluated ultrasonography results. A perpendicular angle of the probe was maintained during analysis to prevent anisotropy and median nerve deformation, and additional weight was not permitted when pressure was applied on the skin surface with the probe. During analysis, patients were maintained in the supine position, with the forearm supinated and the wrist placed in a neutral position to prevent the appearance of the median nerve from changing according to wrist position. Cross-sectional area (CSA) was measured at 3 locations. The 3 locations of the median nerve ultrasonographic parameters included the maximal swelling point (MS) of the median nerve, 2 cm proximal from MS (2MS), and 12 cm proximal from MS (12MS). Following measurement, the CSA was calculated.
The CSA of the median nerve was measured by continuous tracing of the nerve circumference, excluding the hyperechoic epineuria rim. The average value was reported based on 3 measurements. Using the CSAs of MS, 2MS, and 12MS, the CSA ratio of the median nerve was then calculated (MS/12MS, 2MS/12MS) (Fig. 1).9
Each assessment was conducted at baseline, 1 month, and 6 months after injection.
Conversely, to predict the effect after a steroid injection, the correlation between improvement of the symptom score after 1 and 6 months of treatment, and baseline EDX and ultrasonographic parameters was estimated.
Injection technique
The injection technique was conducted using the ulnar side approach proposed by Smith et al.10 Briefly, with the wrist placed in a slight dorsiflexion, the injection was conducted under sterile conditions using a 26-gauge needle. Using real-time ultrasonography, 20 mg triamcinolone was injected into the ulnar side.
Specifically, 10 mg of triamcinolone was injected over the median nerve and under the flexor retinaculum, while the remainder was injected under the median nerve (Fig. 2). If the patient complained of paresthesia at the injection site, the needle was immediately withdrawn and repositioned.
Statistical analysis
Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS 12.0. All parameters were calculated based on the mean and standard deviation, and were verified by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Repeated measures ANOVA was used to compare before and after injection parameters. The Spearman rank test was employed to identify the correlation of the degree of clinical improvement and initial parameters in the injection. p-values less than 0.05 was considered to indicate statistical significance.
RESULTS
Fourteen individuals (all women, mean age 53.8 years) with 22 affected wrists were enrolled in this study (Table 1).
Most parameters showed significant improvement at 1 month or 6 months after injection when they were compared with baseline parameters (Table 2). Additionally, when compared with baseline parameters (mean 25.6), clinical parameters showed significant improvement at 1 month (mean 15.8) and 6 months (mean 14.7) after steroid injection.
Motor nerve latency and amplitude showed reduced and increased patterns with time, but latency differed significantly at 6 months after steroid injection (p<0.05). Sensory nerve latency and amplitude also showed shortened and increased patterns, but the latency differed significantly at 1 month and the amplitude differed significantly at 6 months after steroid injection (p<0.05).
When compared with baseline parameters (mean 15.7 mm2), median nerve maximal swelling CSA showed significant improvement at 1 month (mean 12.8 mm2) and 6 months (mean 12.3 mm2) after steroid injection.
The CSA ratio of the maximum swelling point (MS/12MS) also differed significantly following steroid injection (p<0.05). The CSA of 2MS and its ratio (2MS/12MS) showed a decreasing pattern following injection, but these findings did not differ significantly.
When the results obtained at 1 and 6 months were compared, motor latency and sensory amplitude showed significant improvements, but the other parameters did not differ significantly.
To verify the feasibility of the initial parameters for the prediction of effect after steroid injection therapy in CTS patients, we examined the Spearman rank test to identify the correlation of the degree of clinical improvement with the initial parameters (Table 3).
EDX examination did not include prediction parameters, but the improvement in clinical score was positively related to the initial 2MS (mean 10.6 mm2, r=0.510, p=0.022) and 2MS/12MS ratio (mean 1.8, r=0.529, p=0.017).
DISCUSSION
Steroid injection is known to be a safe and effective treatment in CTS patients, and relieves local ischemia, inflammation, synovial swelling around the median nerve, and vascular congestion in carpal tunnel.11,12
Clinical and EDX parameters have been used to evaluate the effectiveness of injection therapy. However, although EDX and clinical parameters showed significant improvement following steroid injection, there is no known correlation between EDX values and clinical scales.13 In addition, the EDX test cannot be used to investigate anatomical variance because it is invasive, costly, and time consuming. Therefore, it is unreasonable to use EDX for long term follow-up of the effects of steroids.
Conversely, high-resolution ultrasonography enables evaluation of the peripheral nerve anatomy without irradiation; blood flow can be viewed through Doppler imaging and it is non-invasive, less expensive, and less time consuming than EDX.
Mondelli et al.14 reported post-operative changes in CTS patients. They found that ultrasonography was useful for the diagnosis of CTS, providing anatomical images of the median nerve, carpal tunnel, and neighboring structures, as well as for demonstrating improvement following surgical release. Moreover, they found direct correlations between CSA of the median nerve inlet and the clinical scale. In other words, the presurgical median nerve size of carpal tunnel inlet was smaller, the symptom scale easily decreased to the threshold level, so better outcomes are predicted. However, in this study, no correlation was observed between the BQ score and the CSA of the median nerve.
Conversely, Naranjo et al.15 conducted similar studies of postsurgery CTS patients. No correlation was found between the maximum CSA of the presurgical median nerve size and clinical scale improvement. Thus, the median nerve CSA measured by ultrasonography was useful for prediction of effect in CTS patients. Although these studies were conducted with postsurgical CTS patients, our study showed similar results.
Cho et al.9 reported that maximal CSA and its ratio can be used to reduce false positive findings due to median nerve CSA variations and interobserver differences.
In this study, we identified the effects of CTS injection therapy with EDX and ultrasonography and found that they were similar to the results of a previous study. Specifically, the median nerve CSA and its ratio measured by ultrasonography showed significant improvement after steroid injection. Most improvements occurred during the first month of post-injection and lasted for 6 months after CTS steroid injection therapy.
Baseline 2MS and its ratio measured by ultrasonography may be a useful predictor for the effects of steroid injection, because these parameters were found to be correlated with improvement of the clinical score.
Entrapment peripheral neuropathy showed increasing nerve CSA at the entrapment site, with maximal nerve swelling typically being observed at the flexor retinaculum in CTS.
However, the carpal tunnel is a very narrow space and the flexor retinaculum is a very rigid structure; therefore, nerve swelling is limited to a transverse increase, which results in longitudinal increases. Accordingly, 2MS and its ratio were useful for evaluating the effects of steroid treatment.
Ultrasonography in CTS is variable and controversial, and some studies have evaluated the median nerve CSA at the carpal tunnel inlet, outlet, and mid-portion.14,16,17,19 The present study only used the maximal CSA.15 After surgery, the CSA-inlet of the median nerve was decreased; however, some studies have shown that the CSA-outlet of the median nerve was increased.14,16,17,19
Accordingly, further research is needed to elucidate the mechanism by which median nerve swelling occurs, as well as the mechanism of improvement after treatment. It is also important to note that the present study was limited, in that only 22 affected wrists were evaluated.
To more clearly investigate the usefulness of ultrasonography to predict the response to injection therapy in CTS, additional studies are needed.
Finally, most of the CTS patients included in this study had mild symptoms; therefore, additional studies are needed to investigate the effects according to the severity of disease.
CONCLUSION
Most improvements in carpal tunnel symptoms occurred during the first month of post-injection, and effects lasted for up to 6 months during CTS steroid injection therapy. The results of this study were confirmed by clinical, EDX, and ultrasonographic tests, and ultrasonography was found to have potential for use as a predictor to select patients after steroid injection, as well as a method for evaluation of steroid injection.
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