Increased Bolus Volume Effect on Delayed Pharyngeal Swallowing Response in Post-stroke Oropharyngeal Dysphagia: A Pilot Study
Article information
Abstract
Objective
To confirm a relationship between the pharyngeal response and bolus volume, and examine whether increasing the fluid bolus volume can improve penetration and aspiration for stroke dysphagic patients.
Methods
Ten stroke patients with a delayed pharyngeal response problem confirmed by a videofluoroscopic swallowing study (VFSS) were enrolled. Each subject completed two swallows each of 2 mL, 5 mL, and 10 mL of barium liquid thinned with water. The pharyngeal delay time (PDT) and penetration-aspiration scale (PAS) were measured and the changes among the different volumes were analyzed.
Results
PDTs were shortened significantly when 5 mL and 10 mL of thin barium were swallowed compared to 2 mL. However, there was no significant difference in PAS as the bolus volume increased.
Conclusion
The increased fluid bolus volume reduced the pharyngeal delay time, but did not affect the penetration and aspiration status.
INTRODUCTION
During swallowing, delayed pharyngeal swallowing occurs when the head of the bolus enters the pharynx and the pharyngeal swallow is not triggered within 0.4–0.5 seconds, commonly indicated by laryngeal elevation when being discussed in the context of the rest of the pharyngeal swallow [12]. The issue has been commonly found among a large number of dysphagic patients, particularly those who are neurologically impaired, such as stroke patients [34]. If the pharyngeal swallow has not been initiated as the liquid passes the tongue base, there is an increased risk of the liquid entering the opened airway before the pharyngeal swallow has been activated [15]. To enhance the pharyngeal response, various therapeutic attempts using chemical, mechanical, or electrical stimuli have been conducted. However, the effect of these methods is still controversial [6].
Meanwhile, Lazarus et al. [7] reported in their study that when a greater bolus volume is provided, the pharyngeal response occurs sooner. This result strongly suggested a probability of treating oropharyngeal dysphagia by modifying the bolus volume. Researchers of this study hypothesized that if there were an advance in the pharyngeal response as the bolus volume increased, patients with oropharyngeal dysphagia would have improved symptoms (penetration, aspiration) by increasing swallowing volume. If an improvement were to be confirmed, the method could be considered a new type of treatment or a compensatory method. So, prior to initiating systematic, larger-scale study for proving its therapeutic validity, this pilot study was conducted to confirm a relationship between the pharyngeal response and the bolus volume for stroke dysphagic patients and examine whether increasing the fluid bolus volume might improve symptoms.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Subjects
Post-stroke patients who were referred to our stroke rehabilitation center from November 2013 to October 2014 were enrolled according to the following inclusion criteria: (1) stroke revealed by CT or MRI scan and (2) oropharyngeal dysphagia with a delayed pharyngeal response confirmed by a videofluoroscopic swallowing study (VFSS) using pharyngeal delay time (PDT) which takes 0.5 seconds or more. The cutoff value (0.5 seconds) was taken from a previous study [12]. Exclusion criteria were as follows: (1) prior history of neurologic disease, head and neck injuries, or gastroenterological dysfunction that might affect the swallowing function, (2) taking medication of which might affect swallowing, including antidepressants, (3) severe consciousness impairment that might interrupt the examination, and (4) cases that PDT could not be measured by problems in the oral phase, such as severe impairment in tongue control followed by absence of pharyngeal swallowing trigger.
This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board and informed consent was obtained from every patient.
Videofluoroscopic swallowing study
Patients were seated upright and a 1.5-m distance from the X-ray tube (Sonialvision-100; Shimadzu Corporation, Kyoto, Japan) to the head was maintained. Each subject completed two swallows of each volume: 2 mL, 5 mL, and 10 mL, of barium liquid thinned with water sequentially administered by syringe. A digital picture archiving and communication system (PACS) directly captured the lateral view of the videofluoroscopic images. The capture rate was 30 frames per second and the frame size was 1021×1021 pixels.
Outcome measures
PDT and the penetration-aspiration scale (PAS) were determined after observing the entire swallowing action several times in real time and by using frame-by-frame analysis by one expert physician in a blind manner. PDT is interval from the time the bolus head reaches the point at which the ramus of the mandible crosses the base of the tongue until onset of laryngeal elevation, indicating the beginning of the pharyngeal swallow [1]. The mean value for each two swallowing trials was used. PAS is an 8-point clinical scale for rating penetration and aspiration. The severity of the rating depends on the perceived depth of the entry of food or fluid material into the airway and clearance of the material from the airway [8]. The mean value for every two swallowing trials was also calculated.
Statistical analysis
At first, the Kruskal-Wallis test was executed to compare the outcomes (PDT and PAS) of each non-parametric variable (2 mL, 5mL, and 10 mL). If the results indicated statistical significance, a post-hoc Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to compare the outcomes between every two of the three variables using SPSS ver. 12.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Statistical significance was attained when a p-value was less than 0.05 for Kruskal-Wallis test and less than 0.016 for Wilcoxon signed-rank test applying Bonferroni adjustment.
RESULTS
Ten post-stroke patients with oropharyngeal dysphagia were eligible for this study. The average age of participants was 66.8±8.5 years (6 men and 4 women). Four of the 10 patients had experienced a hemorrhagic stroke, and 6 patients had experienced an ischemic stroke. Two had cortical lesions, 4 had subcortical lesions, 1 had a brainstem stroke, and the other 3 had mixed locations. Five patients ate a normal diet and had not been engaged in any dysphagia training program thus far. Four patients ate a modified diet and 1 patient practices in non-oral nutrition; these 5 patients were treated with our oropharyngeal training program. None of the participants had a history of aspiration pneumonia or tracheostomy. The demographics and general characteristics of all participants are described in Table 1, and PDT and PAS of each subject is described in Table 2.
Demographics and general characteristics of the participants in the study
PDT and PAS of each subject in different bolus volume
Kruskal-Wallis test exhibited a significant relationship between PDT of each non-parametric variable (p=0.006). Following the post-hoc Wilcoxon signed-rank test it was revealed that PDTs were shortened significantly when 5 mL or 10 mL of thin barium was swallowed compared to 2 mL (p=0.008, 2 mL vs. 5 mL; p=0.008, 2 mL vs. 10 mL; and p=0.159, 5 mL vs. 10 mL). The mean value was 1.02 seconds at 2 mL, 0.49 seconds at 5 mL, and 0.36 seconds at 10 mL (Fig. 1). However, there was no significant relationship between PAS and bolus volume (p=0.677, Kruskal-Wallis). The mean value was 3.1 at 2 mL, 3.3 at 5 mL, 2.8 at 10 mL (Fig. 2). Bolus volume change, therefore, could not improve penetration or aspiration.
The graph shows changes in pharyngeal delay time (PDT) according to bolus volume changes. PDTs are shortened significantly when 5 mL or 10 mL thin barium are swallowed, as compared to 2 mL.
The graph shows changes in the penetration-aspiration scale (PAS) according to bolus volume changes. There is no significant relationship between PAS and bolus volume.
DISCUSSION
Lazarus et al. [7], and Bisch et al. [9] carried out their study with 2 mL, 5 mL, and 10 mL of fluid, and administered it to stroke patients using VFSS to check PDT, determining that PDT got shorter when an increased bolus volume was given. However, Oommen et al. [10] did not find any significant results using 5 mL and 10 mL of fluid with healthy subjects or stroke patients when investigating stage transit duration, which led to controversy. Though there have been many other reports dealing with changes of various temporal measures of the swallow according to bolus volume using VFSS, manometry, acoustic signal and some others, few researchers have investigated the pharyngeal response, and most subjects were normal volunteers [11121314151617].
In the present study, stroke patients were asked to swallow 2 mL, 5 mL, and 10 mL of fluid and confirm again that, if fluid bolus volume increased, there was a reduction in the pharyngeal response time. As noted in previous studies, researchers of this study hypothesize this is due to an increased sensory input in the oropharynx from the larger bolus volume [67918].
In an attempt to modify oropharyngeal dysphagia with pharyngeal response delay, several trials have suggested various techniques including chemical, mechanical, or electrical modifications. Most of the stimuli described as swallow sensory stimulants are integrated by receptors of the multimodal transient receptor potential channel family, mostly expressed in the sensory nerves. Enhancing the sensory stimuli may increase the sensory input to the swallowing center of the brain stem, thus triggering the swallow response earlier and protecting the airway. Moreover, sensory stimuli may promote brain plasticity, facilitating the recovery of deglutition. However, despite these theoretical bases, a definite effect of these methods is still controversial [619].
So far, researchers of this study have not found any reports using bolus volume modification as a strategy for treating oropharyngeal dysphagia patients with delayed pharyngeal swallowing. As hypothesized, that the difference was related to an increase in mechanical sensory input, it was expected that the increased bolus volume would decrease the aspiration tendency. However, it was determined that increased fluid bolus volume did not actually decrease it.
Stroke dysphagic patients generally have an oral phase, pharyngeal motility, and coordination problems in addition to the pharyngeal response delay [1]. Even if the pharyngeal response delay is improved with an increased bolus volume, problems such as premature bolus loss, decreased laryngeal elevation, and post-swallowing residue will remain. Especially, pharyngeal residue which would increase due to swallowing larger bolus volumes and cause aspiration by overflow from the pharyngeal reservoirs (vallecular or piriformis sinus) during or even after swallowing. Actually, one of the participants who had decreased pharyngeal contraction, showed not only improvement in pharyngeal response but also an increase of the residue without alteration of PAS. So, there could be an increased possibility of delayed aspiration. For these reasons, while our study does show that the increased bolus volume shortens the response delay, the increased bolus volume does not seem to be very helpful in improving penetration and aspiration.
Patients only having a pharyngeal response delay were not investigated. Additionally, all variables, which could influence outcomes, were not controlled for, such as a brain lesion and severity of dysphagia. Previous studies have demonstrated different patterns of dysphagia according to the stroke lesion type. They suggested dysphagia patterns could be classified by a supratentorial and infratentorial lesion and moreover, a supratentorial lesion presents different dysphagia patterns between the cortical and subcortical areas [20]. A relatively small sample size is a limitation, too. These problems were also seen in previous studies and if a future study is undertaken with excluding these limitations, more conclusive and meaningful results could be reached.
The increased fluid bolus volume shortened the pharyngeal delay time, but did not affect the patients' penetration and aspiration status. It is difficult to determine whether it could be used as a treatment option in stroke dysphagic patients from the current results. However as a pilot study, this study again showed a probability to modify swallowing problems by increasing volume. It can also provide useful information for future studies.
Notes
CONFLICT OF INTEREST: No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.