Combined Therapy of Orthopedic Surgery after Deep Brain Stimulation in Cerebral Palsy Mixed Type - A Case Report -

Article information

Abstract

INTRODUCTION

Dystonia, a symptom involving involuntary and irregular contraction of muscles, causes movement disorders and postural problems and is often found in cerebral palsy (CP) mixed with spasticity.1 Dystonia in CP is mainly caused by damage to the extrapyramidal system such as thalamus and basal ganglia, which can occur by hypoxic brain damage or kernicterus.2 It is also common for these patients to have later changes in the musculoskeletal system due to spasticity, dyskinesia, and dystonia. However, there remains no permanently effective treatment for patients with severe dystonia, despite their low ability for independent ambulation or activity of daily living.

Therefore, we initially attempted to control dystonia by deep brain stimulation (DBS) and subsequently performed orthopedic surgery to correct musculoskeletal deformities. Herein, we report a CP case that showed remarkable improvement in both the dystonia rating scale and gait patterns after combined therapy of DBS and orthopedic surgery.

CASE REPORT

A 22-year-old male patient came to the orthopedic and rehabilitation clinics at our hospital with right equinovarus and gait disturbance. He had a history of hypoxic brain damage caused by the umbilical cord wrapping around fetal neck at birth, and was diagnosed with CP at the age of 1 year. He was experiencing severe dystonia in his neck and bilateral upper extremities; the Burke-Fahn-Marsden dystonia rating scale (DRS) showed 55 points on the dystonia movement scale, and 10 points on the disability scale.

On manual muscle test, the left extremities were within the normal limit, but the right upper and lower extremities only showed grade 3 (Fair). He showed right hip joint flexion contracture and right ankle plantar flexion contracture on the range of motion test. In terms of spasticity, his right upper and lower extremities scored grade 2 on the modified Ashworth scale (MAS). He had 78 points on the modified Barthel index (MBI), and 105 points on the functional independence measure (FIM). He showed asymmetry in the lower extremities and equinovarus in the right ankle on a plain X-ray, and 60 degrees right femoral anteversion, 15.3 degrees left femoral ante version, 38.9 degrees right tibial torsion and 37.1 degrees left tibial torsion on CT.

In gait analysis, he showed no dissociated movement between the pelvis and lower limbs, so we were able to see the bump sign, and the right pelvis were positioned superiorly to the left pelvis in the coronal plane during the whole gait cycle. Internal rotation of the right pelvis and external rotation of the left pelvis were observed in the transverse plane, and both hip joints showed internal rotation in the sagittal plane. Due to tightness in the hamstring muscle, both knee flexion posture and right ankle planter flexion posture were displayed during the whole gait cycle (Fig. 1-A).

Fig. 1

Kinematic Changes in Gait Analysis after Combined Therapy of DBS and Orthopedic Surgery. When compared with preoperative state (A), pelvic bump sign, asymmetry of pelvic obliquity and ankle plantar flexion deformity were attenuated after orthopedic surgery performed 6 months after treatment of dystonia with DBS (B). DBS: Deep brain stimulation.

To differentiate from hereditary torsion dystonia, when fragment analysis was performed on the DYT1 gene, the GAG deletion of exon 5 was not observed. Likewise, there were no symptoms, and no findings were observed in blood tests and urinalyses after suspicion of Wilson's disease. In addition, no notable findings were observed on the brain MRI scan, but it was found that uptake of fluodeoxyglucose (FDG) decreased in the bilateral parietal lobe, thalamus and cerebellum on a positron emission tomography (PET) of the brain.

A plan was made for this patient to use DBS in consultation with the department of neurosurgery. After electrode insertion was performed on the globus pallidus interna (GPi), muscle tone decreased. Approximately six months later, right adductor tenotomy and bilateral medial hamstring release were performed in addition to rectus femoris transfer on the right sartorius, tibialis posterior transfer on the right peroneous brevis and derotational osteotomy on the right femur in the department of orthopedic surgery.

The patient was then transferred to the department of rehabilitation medicine and treated with comprehensive rehabilitation, including physical therapy and occupational therapy. The therapeutic outcomes were evaluated through DRS and gait analysis. On the dystonia movement scale, the patient scored 55 before DBS, but 3 months later, he scored 26.5, which was an improvement of 51.9%. One year later, the patient scored 24, which was an improvement of 56.4%. On the disability scale, the patient scored 10 before surgery and 9 one year after surgery (Table 1). On the gait analysis performed three months after surgery, the anterior tilt of the pelvis decreased in the sagittal plane. In the coronal plane, pelvic obliquity almost disappeared. In the transverse plane, pelvic asymmetry and femoral internal rotation were also attenuated. In addition, right ankle plantar flexion was remarkably ameliorated in the sagittal plane (Fig. 1-B).

Table 1

Changes in Dystonia Rating Scale after Combined Therapy of DBS and Orthopedic Surgery

DISCUSSION

Dystonia is classified as primary dystonia, which is caused by hereditary or unknown factors, and as secondary dystonia caused by brain damage or Wilson's disease. The DBS of GPi is widely known to be an effective treatment for primary dystonia.3-5 However, DBS seems to be not as effective on secondary dystonia as on primary dystonia.3,6 On the contrary, Vidailhet et al.7 reported that DRS reduced from 44.2 to 34.7 (improvement of 21.5%) in 13 patients with dyskinetic CP who underwent bilateral pallidal DBS. In several studies, it was reported that patients with dyskinesia showed an improvement of 30-37% after undergoing DBS,8,9 whereas other studies reported improvement of 0-14%.6,10 There may be two important reasons why these studies showed different results. First, in the case of CP mixed type, it is difficult to predict therapeutic effects because dystonia, choreoathetosis, and rigidity occur concurrently. Second, in cases of patients with CP who have had functional or structural encephalopathy from the developmental process, DBS of GPi tends to stimulate surrounding areas, including the globus pallidis externa (GPe). This may cause dystonia to further worsen7. Nevertheless, there have been no reports on the prognostic factors of DBS for CP. Therefore, there is a need to continuously follow up these symptoms in the field of rehabilitation medicine.

This patient showed significant improvement of dystonia after DBS and maintained his muscle tone for a year and longer, which showed that DBS may be an alternative for treating severe dystonia in CP. It remains to be proven whether DBS is effective on dyskinetic CP. So far, there have been no reports on the results of gait analysis and DRS performed on patients with CP mixed with dystonia, spasticity, and musculoskeletal deformity who underwent DBS and orthopedic surgery. This patient showed an improvement in muscle tone after undergoing DBS, but this did not significantly change his gait patterns. After orthopedic surgery, however, his gait patterns largely improved. This implies that DBS for dystonia may be complementary to orthopedic surgery for spasticity, musculoskeletal deformity and gait disturbance in treating CP.

Our report demonstrates that severe dystonia, spasticity, musculoskeletal deformity, and gait disturbance significantly improved in a CP case after combined therapy of DBS and orthopedic surgery.

Article information Continued