1Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
2National Traffic Injury Rehabilitation Research Institute, National Traffic Injury Rehabilitation Hospital, Yangpyeong, Korea
3Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
4Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
5Institute on Aging, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
Correspondence: Byung-Mo Oh Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, Korea. Tel: +82-2-2072-3954 Fax: +82-2-743-7473 E-mail: moya1@snu.ac.kr
• Received: July 28, 2025 • Revised: October 20, 2025 • Accepted: November 19, 2025
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Upper limb amputation leads to significant physical and psychosocial burden; however, it remains underrepresented in global epidemiological and rehabilitation studies. This study aimed to systematically review the global epidemiological data on upper limb amputation, focusing on its prevalence, incidence, anatomical levels, and etiology. According to the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines, a comprehensive literature search was conducted using PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Regional Information Sharing Systems (up to May 2023). Two authors independently selected the studies, assessed their methodological quality, and summarized the evidence. Nineteen studies were finally included in this study. The prevalence of major upper limb amputation was higher in individuals with disabilities than in the general population. The prevalence in general population was 11.6 per 100,000 adults between 2006 and 2008 in Norway, whereas the prevalence in individuals with disabilities was 6.9 per 1,000 individuals in 2011 and increased to 11.3 per 1,000 individuals in 2020 in South Korea. The incidence rates were generally higher in the occupational population than in the general population. Below-elbow amputation was consistently the most common major amputation level reported. Although traumatic causes were predominant, medical conditions substantially contributed to upper limb impairment among individuals with disabilities. Upper limb amputation presents significant global variations in prevalence, incidence, anatomical level, and cause. The scarcity of standardized, disaggregated data limits effective planning for prosthetic services and rehabilitation. Future studies should prioritize comprehensive data collection to support equitable healthcare delivery and inform prosthetic innovation.
Upper limb amputation, defined as the loss of the hand and arm responsible for strength, sensation, and fine motor function, profoundly affects an individual’s quality of life, independence, and social participation [1]. Compared with lower limb amputation, the loss of an upper limb presents greater challenges for functional recovery and reintegration, given the role of the upper limb in activities of daily living and the complexity of prosthetic and rehabilitative interventions [2].
Epidemiological data on the prevalence and incidence of upper limb amputation are highly heterogeneous across countries, and many studies have failed to distinguish between upper and lower limb amputations, limiting the accuracy of global comparisons and the development of targeted policies. In a national estimate using the US Nationwide Inpatient Sample and census data, approximately 1.6 million individuals were living with limb loss in 2005, of whom 541,000 had upper limb loss and approximately 41,000 had major upper limb amputation, excluding finger amputations [3]. In South Korea, the 2020 National Survey of Disabled Persons reported approximately 125,457 individuals with upper limb amputation, with the majority having amputations below the wrist. Notably, the number of individuals with amputations above the elbow more than doubled compared with 2011 [4].
The anatomical level of upper limb amputation is a key determinant of functional prognosis. Most studies have classified upper limb amputation into major (above or below the elbow) and minor (below the wrist). Although the most common levels vary by country, below-elbow amputation, excluding finger loss, has been consistently reported as the predominant level in both developed and developing countries [4-13].
The causes of upper limb amputation are diverse and can be broadly categorized into traumatic, congenital, and medical etiologies. Traumatic amputations are primarily caused by industrial accidents, traffic collisions, and combat injuries. These traumatic events are particularly prevalent among workers because of their occupational environment [13]. Congenital limb deficiency resulting from malformations during embryonic development accounts for a substantial proportion of upper limb impairment in pediatric populations [14]. However, because the scope of this study was limited to acquired upper limb amputation, congenital limb deficiency was not included in this review. Additionally, nontraumatic amputations caused by medical conditions, such as diabetes, vascular disease, infection, and malignancy, have been reported, especially among individuals with disabilities [4].
To date, much of the literature on upper limb amputation has been based on local data, and few studies have clearly distinguished upper limb from lower limb amputation in epidemiological analyses. Consequently, a comprehensive understanding of the global patterns of upper limb amputation, including prevalence, incidence, amputation level, and etiology, remains limited. This systematic review aimed to address this gap by synthesizing population-level data from multiple countries, thereby providing a foundation for resource allocation and policy development in rehabilitation and disability services.
METHODS AND REVIEW PROCESS
This review followed the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines.
Search strategy
A highly sensitive search strategy was developed as shown in Fig. 1 and Appendices 1-4. The final search terms and subject headings (expanded where appropriate) were systematically applied to four databases: PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Library, and Regional Information Sharing Systems. The searches were conducted in March 2023 and repeated in May 2023. The search was restricted to the articles published in English. All retrieved records were imported into EndNote™ (Clarivate) for collation and the removal of duplicates.
Screening, data extraction, and risk of bias assessments were independently performed by two reviewers who were blinded to each other’s evaluations at all stages. Discrepancies were resolved through discussions with a third reviewer. Within each keyword group, search terms were combined using the Boolean operator “OR,” and the keyword groups themselves were linked using the Boolean operator “AND.” In PubMed, Medical Subject Headings were used whenever applicable, and truncation was applied using the asterisk (*) symbol.
Eligibility criteria
The following inclusion criteria were applied to identify studies relevant to the objectives of this review:
1. Studies focusing on acquired major upper limb amputations were included. Studies focusing on congenital limb deficiency were excluded in this review. Studies that did not differentiate between upper and lower limb amputations or between major and minor upper limb amputations were excluded. Studies that exclusively reported minor upper limb amputations were also excluded.
2. Observational studies were included; randomized controlled trials were excluded.
3. Review articles were eligible; protocols and clinical guidelines were excluded.
4. Studies with sample size of at least 100 participants were included. Case reports, case vignettes, and qualitative studies, such as focus group interviews, were excluded.
5. Articles written in the English language were included.
6. For studies addressing amputation levels, inclusion of major upper limb amputations was required.
7. For studies addressing descriptive epidemiology, reporting of incidence or prevalence rates was required.
8. For studies addressing the etiology, a description of the underlying causes of amputation was required.
Screening and data extraction
All records identified through the database searches were imported into EndNote 20 reference management software, and duplicates were systematically removed. The screening was conducted in two stages. First, two reviewers (Choi Y and Kim E) independently screened the titles and abstracts of all retrieved studies to assess their eligibility based on the predefined inclusion criteria. Studies that met the initial criteria were subjected to full-text review conducted independently by the same two reviewers. The reasons for exclusion were documented at the full-text stage for transparency. Any discrepancies or disagreements during either stage of the screening process were resolved through discussion with a third reviewer (Oh BM).
Data were independently extracted by two reviewers using a standardized form. The extracted data included general information (first author, year of publication, continent, and country), study characteristics (year[s] of data collection and total sample size), and detailed outcome measures. These outcome measures included the number of upper limb amputation cases, laterality (unilateral or bilateral, left or right), level of amputation, and etiology of amputation. In addition, epidemiological metrics, such as prevalence or incidence rates, were collected when reported. In cases where the incidence rates were not explicitly reported in the original articles, the incidence was calculated by the author (Choi Y) using the number of upper limb amputation cases as the numerator and the reported population size as the denominator. All extracted data were cross-checked for consistency, and any disagreements were resolved through consultation with the third reviewer.
Quality assessment
The risk of bias was assessed using a slightly modified version of the tool developed by Hoy et al. [15], which comprised ten items: four addressing external validity and six addressing internal validity. Each item was scored dichotomously (0 or 1), yielding a maximum total score of 10. Studies with scores ≥8 were considered to have a low risk of bias, scores of 6–7 as moderate risk, and scores ≤5 as high risk. Quality appraisal was performed only for descriptive purposes and was not used as a criterion for study exclusion.
Synthesis
Given the anticipated heterogeneity in the study populations, settings, and methods of reporting the incidence and prevalence of upper limb amputation, quantitative synthesis was considered inappropriate. Therefore, narrative synthesis was performed. The findings were summarized descriptively, with attention to variations in epidemiological estimates, amputation levels, causes, and study designs. The patterns and differences across studies were explored to provide a comprehensive overview of the available evidence.
Ethics approval
Ethics approval was not applicable for this study because this was a systematic review of published data.
RESULTS
Quality assessment
Of the 19 studies included in the review, 5 studies were assessed as having a low risk of bias, 7 studies a moderate risk, and 7 studies a high risk (Table 1). Common sources of bias identified across studies included the use of a consistent mode of data collection for all participants (n=19), the use of a sampling frame that closely represented the target population (n=18), the application of an acceptable case definition (n=16), and a low likelihood of nonresponse bias (n=15).
Study characteristics
The characteristics of the included studies are summarized in Table 2. When classified according to continent, 7 studies were conducted in North America [3,5-8,16,17], 3 in Europe [9,10,18], 9 in Asia [4,11-13,19-23], According to country, the largest number of studies were from the United States (n=7), followed by Iran (n=3), South Korea, and Taiwan (n=2 each), and one study each from Sweden, Norway, France, Saudi Arabia, and India.
The oldest included study was conducted by al-Turaiki and al-Falahi [11], published in 1993 and used data collected between 1977 and 1990. The most recent studies were published in 2022 by Dhillon et al. [21], Bok and Song [4], and Huang et al. [23] using data collected between 2018 and 2019, 2011 and 2020, and 1996 and 2013.
The study with the largest sample size was that of Bok and Song [4], which included 2,622,950 individuals as of 2020. In contrast, the smallest study was by Allami et al. [20], with 103 participants. The most common data sources were institution-based datasets (n=10), such as those from hospitals, rehabilitation centers, trauma centers, and prosthetic companies.
Characteristics of upper limb amputations
The characteristics of the upper limb amputations reported in the included studies are summarized in Table 2.
North America
In a study conducted in the United States and published by Dillingham et al. in 1998 [16], 6,069 trauma-related limb amputation cases were identified in the Maryland Health Services Cost Review Commission database between 1979 and 1993. Among these, 211 cases were classified as major upper limb amputations and 3,897 minor amputations. The level of major amputation included 95 cases above the elbow and 93 cases below the elbow.
McCall and Horwitz (2006) [17] analyzed Workers’ Compensation claims data from 1994 to 2003 and identified 2,297 amputation claims, of which 2,295 involved the upper extremity. Among individuals with upper limb amputation, most underwent minor amputations. Major amputations were less common and included lower arm (n=7), upper arm (n=4), wrist (n=4), and combined wrist and hand amputations (n=1).
According to Ziegler-Graham et al. (2008) [3], approximately 1.6 million individuals were living with limb loss in the United States in 2005, based on 1988–1999 data from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample of the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project and annual census estimates. In 2005, approximately 41,000 were living with a major upper limb amputation and 500,000 with a minor upper limb amputation.
In a study by Barmparas et al. (2010) [5], 8,910 patients with limb amputation were identified in the National Trauma Data Bank from 2000 to 2004, of whom 782 had upper extremity amputations. Among the 302 individuals with major upper limb amputation, 183 had amputations below the elbow, and 119 had amputations at or above the elbow.
Krueger et al. (2012) [6] analyzed data from the Military Amputation Database and identified 1,221 patients with 1,634 amputation events between 2001 and 2011. Among the 228 major upper limb amputations, the most common type was transradial (n=110), followed by transhumeral (n=81).
Tennent et al. (2014) [7] reviewed records from the US military trauma registry and identified 1,315 service members with limb amputations, among whom 173 had upper limb amputations. The most common major amputation level was transradial (n=82), followed by transhumeral (n=59).
In a pediatric population study, Vakhshori et al. (2019) [8] identified 6,130 children with upper limb amputations using the Kids’ Inpatient Database, a national all-payer database of the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project. Excluding finger amputations, 298 cases involved below-elbow amputations and 142 involved above-elbow amputations.
Europe
In a study from Sweden published by Asplund et al. in 2009 [9], 4,202 traumatic amputation cases were identified in the Swedish Hospital Discharge Register between 1998 and 2006. Of these, 825 involved upper limb amputations. When excluding amputations of the hand or fingers, the number of major upper limb amputations included 34 cases between the shoulder and elbow and 72 cases between the elbow and wrist.
Østlie K et al. (2011) [10] reported on 416 individuals with upper limb amputations registered in the databases of two upper limb prosthetics companies and three of the largest hospitals in Norway from October 2006 to May 2008. Among them, 211 had amputations in the right arm, 181 in the left arm, and 21 in bilateral amputees. The most common major amputation level was the forearm (n=176), followed by the upper arm (n=99), through-wrist (n=73), elbow joint (n=24), and shoulder joint (n=23).
In a study conducted in France and published by Pomares et al. in 2018 [18], 2,247 upper limb amputation cases were identified among 55,238 patients treated for traumatic limb loss at the Nancy University Hospital. Of these, 1,715 were traumatic amputations and 532 were nontraumatic. Right arm amputations accounted for 521 cases and left arm amputations for 611 cases. A total of 1,132 patients underwent surgical amputation, with finger amputation being the most frequent. Among the major amputations excluding the fingers, four involved the forearm and another four involved the upper arm.
West Asia
In a study published in Saudi Arabia by al-Turaiki and al-Falahi in 1993 [11], 610 upper limb amputation cases were identified among 3,210 limb amputees who visited the Riyadh Medical Rehabilitation Centre between 1977 and 1990. Of them, 17 were bilateral amputees. The most common levels of major amputations were transradial (n=243) and transhumeral (n=152).
Mousavi et al. (2012) [19] analyzed data from the archives of educational hospitals in Kerman, Iran, and identified 624 limb amputation cases between 2003 and 2011. Among these, 144 involved upper limb amputations, including 78 major (above the wrist) and 66 minor (below the wrist) cases. The most frequently reported sites of major amputation were the arm (n=39), forearm (n=20), and elbow (n=10).
In a study conducted by Ghavami et al. (2014) [12] at Shahid Motahari Burn Hospital, 682 patients with electrical burn injuries were reviewed. Excluding finger and thumb injuries, the most common level of injury was the forearm, which has been reported in approximately 50–60 cases.
Allami et al. (2016) [20] analyzed data from the Veterans and Martyr Affairs Foundation and identified 103 Iranian veterans of the Iran–Iraq War with bilateral upper limb amputations, all of whom were included in the study. The most frequently affected levels were the fingers or wrist (n=108), elbow (n=82), and transhumeral or more proximal levels (n=16).
South Asia
In a study conducted in India and published by Dhillon et al. in 2022 [21], 17,445 trauma cases that presented to the trauma center at the Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research were reviewed. Among these, 104 involved upper limb amputation. The most common levels of major amputation were above (n=44) and below the elbow (n=40), followed by shoulder disarticulation (n=13), elbow disarticulation (n=4), and wrist disarticulation (n=3).
East Asia
In a study conducted in Taiwan and published by Liang et al. in 2004 [13], 2,970 upper limb amputation claims were identified in the workers’ compensation database from 1999 to 2001. After excluding 10 patients involved in traffic accidents and another 10 with missing sex or age data, 2,950 cases were analyzed. Among them, 2,925 were unilateral and 25 were bilateral. Right-sided amputations were slightly more common (n=1,495) than left-sided amputations (n=1,480). Among the unilateral cases, the number of major amputations, excluding finger amputations, was greater for the below-elbow (total, n=78; male, n=59; female, n=19) than for the above-elbow (total, n=31; male, n=22; female, n=9).
Ro et al. (2019) [22] identified 49,535 cases of upper limb amputation in South Korea between 2004 and 2013 using a workers’ compensation database. The number of cases per year, including finger amputations, ranged from 4,316 in 2004 to 4,441 in 2013, with annual figures peaking at 5,565 in 2007.
Bok and Song (2022) [4] analyzed data from the National Survey of Disabled Persons in South Korea from 2011 to 2020. The numbers of upper limb amputees were 133,662 in 2011, 149,249 in 2014, 140,867 in 2017, and 125,457 in 2020. Across all survey years among upper and lower limb amputees, amputations below the wrist accounted for the majority (50%–70%), followed by the elbow and wrist (~7%), and above the elbow (3%–10%). Notably, the proportion of above-elbow amputations increased from 3.5% in 2011 (n=5,771) to 9.7% in 2020 (n=16,924).
In Taiwan, Huang et al. (2022) [23] used the Longitudinal Health Insurance Database, a nationally representative cohort randomly sampled from the National Health Research Database, and identified 1,188 patients with upper limb amputation. Among them, 104 underwent major amputations and 1,084 underwent minor amputations. According to age group, 966 patients were aged ≤64 years, 76 were aged 65–74, 37 were aged 75–84, and 5 were aged ≥85 years.
Incidence and prevalence of upper limb amputation
Table 3 presents the incidence and prevalence rates of upper limb amputation performed in various population groups in different regions. The reported incidence and prevalence widely varied depending on the study population, data source, and definition of major versus minor amputations.
In North America, Dillingham et al. (1998) [16] reported a gradual decline in the incidence of major upper limb amputations in Maryland from 1979 to 1993, with above-elbow amputations decreasing from 0.10 to 0.04 per 100,000 and below-elbow amputations from 0.22 to 0.08 per 100,000. Ziegler-Graham et al. (2008) [3] estimated that approximately 41,000 individuals in the United States were living with a major upper limb amputation in 2005. Trauma was the predominant etiology (n=34,000), followed by dysvascular diseases (n=5,000), and cancer (n=2,000).
In Europe, Østlie et al. (2011) [10] reported a prevalence of 11.6 per 100,000 in adults aged ≥18 years based on prosthetic service data and hospital data in Norway.
In East Asia, Liang et al. (2004) [13] documented an overall incidence rate of 12.5 per 100,000 among Taiwanese workers, with higher rates in males (18.9 per 100,000) than females (5.1 per 100,000). Ro et al. (2019) [22] reported annual crude incidence rates ranging from 17.6 to 23.7 per 100,000 workers in Korea between 2004 and 2013. In the current review, these rates were calculated based on the number of amputations and workforce data reported in the original study. Bok and Song (2022) [4] analyzed nationally representative survey data and reported an increased prevalence of major upper limb amputations among individuals with disabilities from 6.9 per 1,000 in 2011 to 11.3 per 1,000 in 2020. Notably, the prevalence of above-elbow amputations increased from 2.2 in 2011 to 6.5 per 1,000 in 2020, whereas the prevalence of below-wrist amputations declined over the same period. In Taiwan, Huang et al. (2022) [23] observed a significant downward trend in the age- and sex-adjusted incidence of major upper limb amputation in older adults aged ≥65 years, from 0.54 per 100,000 in 1996 to 0.40 per 100,000 in 2013 (average annual percent change=-5.6, p-for-trend=0.005).
Etiologies of upper limb amputation
Table 4 summarizes the reported etiologies of upper limb amputation across studies from the eight countries. Trauma emerged as the predominant cause in all regions, with notable differences in the types of traumatic events based on geography and study population.
In the United States, Vakhshori et al. (2019) [8] analyzed 6,130 pediatric cases and found that traumatic upper limb amputations were predominantly caused by machinery-related accidents, including lawn mowers (n=729), caught between objects (n=640), and power tools (n=557), in the national inpatient database. Motor vehicular accidents (n=294) and firearm- or explosive-related injuries (n=142) were also notable contributors. In Norway, Østlie et al. (2011) [10] reported occupational accidents (n=91) as leading causes of upper limb amputations, followed by traffic incidents (n=31), other accidents (n=28), and explosion (n=19) among adults aged ≥18 years, based on data from two prostheses companies and three hospitals. Similarly, in France, Pomares et al. (2018) [18] identified saw injuries (n=371), crush injuries (n=232), and machinery-related trauma, such as lawn mowers (n=120), as common causes among adults aged ≥16 years in a hospital database.
In West Asia, al-Turaiki and al-Falahi (1993) [11] reported that 530 of 610 upper limb amputation cases in Saudi Arabia were trauma-related in a database from a rehabilitation center. Similarly, Mousavi et al. (2012) [19] found that trauma was the most frequent etiology in a hospital database. Of the 144 patients with upper limb amputations, approximately 66.7% (96 patients) underwent amputation due to trauma.
Liang et al. (2004) [13] analyzed 2,950 upper limb amputation cases in East Asia using Taiwan’s workers’ compensation database, and all cases were attributed to traumatic causes. Among these, 2,492 (84.5%) cases resulted from injuries involving powered machinery, such as lathes, presses, grinders, centrifuges, drills, roller mills, shears, and slicers.
Bok and Song (2022) [4], using data from the National Survey of Disabled Persons in South Korea, reported that trauma was the most common cause of upper limb amputation. However, they identified a substantial number of cases attributable to congenital anomalies and disease-related conditions. In 2020, among individuals with upper limb amputations, 113,515 were due to trauma, 909 were related to congenital limb deficiencies, and 7,816 were associated with nontraumatic medical conditions. These findings reflect both the predominance of trauma and the growing burden of chronic diseases in the etiology of upper limb amputations among the Korean population.
DISCUSSION
The key findings of this study are presented in Fig. 2. This study is the first systematic review to comprehensively examine the global epidemiology of upper limb amputation, including its prevalence, incidence, amputation levels, and underlying causes. A total of 19 studies were analyzed, revealing considerable heterogeneity in epidemiological characteristics depending on the country and data sources.
The prevalence of upper limb amputation significantly varied according to the characteristics of the study population. In 2011, the prevalence of major upper limb amputations in adults aged ≥18 years in Norway was 11.6 per 100,000 individuals [10]. In contrast, a substantially higher prevalence was observed in populations with disabilities. According to the Korean National Survey of Persons with Disabilities in 2011, the prevalence of major upper limb amputation was 693.7 per 100,000 individuals (6.9 per 1,000 individuals) with disabilities [4].
The incidence also differed according to the population characteristics. In 1993, the incidence rates of above- and below-elbow amputation in the general US population were 0.04 and 0.08 per 100,000, respectively [16]. Older adults showed a higher incidence than the general population; in Taiwan, the incidence rate in individuals aged ≥65 years was 0.54 per 100,000 in 1996 [23]. The incidence was markedly higher, with 12.5 per 100,000 workers in Taiwan (1999–2001) [13] and 19.1 per 100,000 workers in Korea (2004) based on worker compensation data [22].
The distribution of amputation levels also varied across countries. Below-elbow amputation was the most commonly reported major upper limb amputation level, with forearm amputations accounting for more than half of the cases in some studies [5,8,9,11,13,14]. As the amputation level directly influences functional recovery and prosthetic use, these findings highlight the need to consider level-specific distributions in national rehabilitation resource allocation and prosthetic device policies. In particular, above-elbow amputations present greater technical challenges and less favorable functional outcomes. However, data on this level remain scarce, underscoring a critical gap in research and development.
The causes of upper limb amputations or deficits were broadly categorized as traumatic, congenital, or medical. Trauma, including industrial accidents and machinery-related injuries, was the predominant cause of injury in most studies, particularly in those involving workers [13] and children [8]. However, a non-negligible proportion of cases were found to be caused by congenital anomalies or medical conditions, such as diabetes, vascular disease, and cancer. These patterns are particularly evident in studies that focus on individuals with disabilities [4] and children [14]. These findings indicate the need to incorporate nontraumatic etiologies into prevention and care strategies.
Epidemiological differences in upper limb amputation are likely associated with variations in healthcare systems and occupational safety standards based on the economic development status. Although countries with high rates of occupational injuries, especially low-income countries, are presumed to have a higher burden of upper limb amputation, the current literature includes significantly few studies from these regions. This gap limits the ability to design appropriate prevention policies and rehabilitation planning and calls for more active studies on upper limb amputation epidemiology in under-resourced settings.
Compared with lower limb amputation, studies on upper limb amputation and prosthetic development remain limited. Although lower limb prostheses have advanced through the standardization of gait mechanics, the upper limbs require intricate, high-precision motor control, making device development more difficult and commercialization more limited. In this context, quantifying the scale and characteristics of upper limb amputation can provide critical evidence for forecasting demand and guiding medical device innovation.
This study has several limitations. Although it aimed to provide a global overview of the epidemiology of limb amputation, data from Oceania, Africa, and South America were not included due to the absence of eligible publications meeting the inclusion criteria. This omission likely led to an underestimation of amputation cases in low- and middle-income countries, particularly those with high rates of trauma and occupational injuries, thereby limiting the global representativeness of our findings. In addition, definitions of amputation level and etiology were often inconsistent or unclear across studies, and some reports did not distinguish between upper and lower limb amputations or between major and minor amputations. The adoption of standardized reporting frameworks is therefore essential for future research. Moreover, most included studies did not report key clinical outcomes such as functional status, prosthesis use, or rehabilitation participation, hindering interpretation of the real-world impact of upper limb amputation. Finally, many studies were based on single-center or regional data, which limits the generalizability of the results.
Despite these limitations, this review provides valuable quantitative and qualitative insights into national patterns of upper limb amputation. These findings offer a foundation for the future planning of rehabilitation services and prosthetic distribution. As populations continue to age and chronic diseases become more prevalent, the relative importance of nontraumatic upper limb amputation is expected to increase. Addressing this shift requires increased attention and systematic data collection efforts.
CONCLUSION
This review synthesizes the current global evidence on the epidemiology of upper limb amputation, revealing marked heterogeneity in its prevalence, incidence, anatomical levels, and etiologies across populations and regions. The predominance of trauma-related cases, particularly among workers and children, highlights the need for improved injury prevention and workplace safety measures. Despite its impact, epidemiological data and research on upper limb amputation are limited, particularly in low-income settings. Expanding high-quality data collection and targeted rehabilitation strategies are essential to improve clinical care and prosthetic development.
CONFLICTS OF INTEREST
Byung-Mo Oh is the Editor-in-Chief of Annals of Rehabilitation Medicine. The author did not engage in any part of the review and decision-making process for this manuscript. Otherwise, no potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.
FUNDING INFORMATION
This research was supported by the Challengeable Future Defense Technology Research and Development Program through the Agency for Defense Development (ADD), funded by the Defense Acquisition Program Administration (DAPA) in 2022 (No. 915069201).
AUTHOR CONTRIBUTION
Conceptualization: Oh BM. Methodology: Choi Y, Kim E. Formal analysis: Choi Y, Kim E. Funding acquisition: Oh BM. Visualization: Choi Y. Supervision: Oh BM. Writing – original draft: Choi Y. Writing – review and editing: Kim E. Approval of final manuscript: all authors.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors would like to thank ONES Global, Inc. for their assistance with the literature search process, which contributed significantly to the quality and completeness of this review. The authors acknowledge the use of ChatGPT (OpenAI) to edit the text to improve clarity and generate summary figure, and we take full responsibility for the content of this review.
Fig. 1.
PRISMA flow diagram for systematic reviews.
Fig. 2.
Summary figure of key findings from the systematic review on major upper limb amputation.
Table 1.
Assessing risk of bias
Reference No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
Allami et al.
al-Turaiki and al-Falahi
Asplund et al.
Barmparas et al.
Bok and Song
Dhillon et al.
Dillingham et al.
Ghavami et al.
Huang et al.
Krueger et al.
Liang et al.
McCall and Horwitz
Mousavi et al.
Østlie et al.
Pomares et al.
Ro et al.
Tennent et al.
Vakhshori et al.
Ziegler-Graham et al.
1. Was the study’s target population a close representation of the national population in relation to relevant variables?
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
2. Was the sampling frame a true or close representation of the target population?
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
3. Was some form of random selection used to select the sample, OR was a census undertaken?
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
4. Was the likelihood of nonresponse bias minimal?
0
1
1
1
0
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
5. Were data collected directly from the subjects (as opposed to a proxy)?
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
6. Was an acceptable case definition used in the study?
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
7. Was the study instrument that measured the parameter of
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
8. Was the same mode of data collection used for all subjects?
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
9. Was the length of the shortest prevalence period for the parameter of interest appropriate?
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
1
10. Were the numerator(s) and denominator(s) for the parameter of interest appropriate?
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
0
1
1
Total score
2
3
9
5
7
4
7
4
9
6
7
6
3
6
6
9
4
9
9
Overall risk of bias
High
High
Low
High
Moderate
High
Moderate
High
Low
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
High
Moderate
Moderate
Low
High
Low
Low
Table 2.
Characteristics of studies and upper limb amputations
Reference No.
Author
Continent
Country
Year of publication
Year of data collection
Total sample size (n)
Upper limb amputation cases (n)
Unilateral/bilateral, left/right cases (n)
Amputation levels (n)
7
Dillingham et al.
North America
Maryland (United States)
1998
1979–1993
6,069 Discharges involving trauma-related amputation from Maryland Health Services Cost Review Commission
Major amputation (n=211);
Above elbow (n=95);
Minor amputation (n=3,897)
Below elbow (n=93)
12
McCall and Horwitz
North America
United States
2006
1994–2003
Worker’s compensation claims data (n=2,297)
n=2,295
finger(s) (n=1,995);
Thumb (n=230);
Hand (n=43);
Multiple upper extremities (n=11);
Lower arm (n=7);
Upper arm (n=4);
Wrist (n=4);
Wrist(s) and hand(s) (n=1)
19
Ziegler-Graham et al.
North America
United States
2008
1988–1999
Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project, Nationwide Inpatient Sample
n=41,000 (in 2005)
In 2005, 1.6 million persons with the loss of a limb
4
Barmparas et al.
North America
United States
2010
2000–2004
8,910 Amputated patients in the National Trauma Data Bank
n=782
Bilateral upper limb amputees (n=17)
Below elbow (n=183);
At or above elbow (n=119)
10
Krueger et al.
North America
United States
2012
2001–2011
1,221 Amputees from the Military Amputation Database (MAD)
Major amputations (n=228)
Wrist, disarticulation (n=27);
Transradial (n=110);
Through elbow (n=2);
Transhumeral (n=81);
Shoulder disarticulation (n=8)
17
Tennent et al.
North America
United States
2014
2001–2011
1,315 Amputees from the US military service members
n=173
-
[Total amputations (n=173)]
Wrist disarticulation (n=23);
Transradial (n=82);
Elbow disarticulation (n=2);
Transhumeral (n=59);
Shoulder disarticulation (n=7)
18
Vakhshori et al.
North America
United States
2019
1997–2012
6,130 Pediatric traumatic upper extremity amputees from the Kids’ Inpatient Database (KID), a national all-payer database of Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP)
n=6,130
-
Finger (n=4,573);
Thumb (n=1,178);
Below elbow (n=298);
Above elbow (n=142)
3
Asplund et al.
Europe
Sweden
2009
1998–2006
4,202 Traumatic amputations from the Swedish Hospital Discharge Register
n=825
-
Amputation between shoulder and elbow (n=34);
Amputation between elbow and wrist (n=72)
14
Østlie et al.
Europe
Norway
2011
2006.10–2008.05
416 Patients from databases of the two companies that make upper limb prostheses in Norway and three of the largest Norwegian hospitals
n=416
[Unilateral]
Forequarter (n=13);
Right (n=211);
Through shoulder joint (n=23);
Left (n=181);
Upper arm (n=99);
[Bilateral (n=21)]
Through elbow joint (n=24);
Forearm (n=176);
Through wrist (n=73);
Unilateral, unknown level (n=3);
Bilateral, not same level on both sides (n=5)
15
Pomares et al.
Europe
France
2018
2004–2013
55,238 Traumatic amputees from the Nancy University Hospital
[Upper limb amputations (n=2,247)]
Right (n=521);
[Surgical amputation (n=1,132)]
Traumatic amputation (n=1,715);
Left (n=611)
Finger1 (n=92);
Non-traumatic amputation (n=532)
Finger2 (n=325);
Finger3 (n=284);
Finger4 (n=227);
Finger5 (n=196);
Hand (n=0);
Forearm (n=4);
Upper arm (n=4)
2
al-Turaiki and al-Falahi
West Asia
Saudi Arabia
1993
1977–1990
3,210 Amputees who attended Riyadh Medical Rehabilitation Centre
n=610
Bilateral upper limb amputees (n=17)
Shoulder disarticulation (n=18);
Transhumeral (n=152);
Elbow disarticulation (n=15);
Transradial (n=243);
Wrist disarticulation (n=27);
Partial hand (n=155)
13
Mousavi et al.
West Asia
Iran
2012
2003–2011
624 Upper and lower limb amputees from the archive of educational hospitals of Kerman
n=144
-
Major (above the wrist) (n=78);
Minor (below the wrist) (n=66);
Wrist (n=3);
Forearm (n=20);
Elbow (n=10);
Arm (n=39);
Shoulder and forequarter (n=4)
8
Ghavami et al.
West Asia
Iran (Tehran)
2014
2007–2011
682 Electrical burn patients from the Shahid Motahari Burn Hospital
Fingers (35%, n=66 cases);
Thumb (20–30 cases);
Hand (n<10 cases);
Forearm (50–60 cases);
Arm (n<10 cases)
1
Allami et al.
West Asia
Iran
2016
2003–2011
103 Iraq-Iran war veterans with bilateral upper extremity amputation (206 amputations) from Veterans and Martyr Affair Foundation (VMAF)
n=103
Bilateral upper limb amputees (n=103)
Finger or wrist level (n=108);
Elbow (n=82);
Transhumeral or higher level (n=16)
6
Dhillon et al.
South Asia
India
2022
2018–2019
17,445 Trauma cases presenting to a trauma center at the Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research
n=104
-
Below elbow (n=40);
Above elbow (n=44);
Elbow disarticulation (n=4);
Shoulder disarticulation (n=13);
Wrist disarticulation (n=3)
11
Liang et al.
East Asia
Taiwan
2004
1999–2001
2,970 Claims for upper extremity amputation from worker’s compensation database
n=2,950
Unilateral (n=2,925);
[Unilateral], N (%)
Bilateral (n=25);
1) Below elbow amputation
Right (n=1,495);
Total (n=78);
Left (n=1,480)
Male (n=59);
Female (n=19)
2) Above elbow amputation
Total (n=31);
Male (n=22);
Female (n=9)
[Bilateral]
1) Below elbow with fingers
Total (n=3);
Male (n=3);
Female (n=0)
2) Below elbow with Below elbow
Total (n=2);
Male (n=2);
Female (n=0)
3) Above elbow with below elbow
Total (n=1);
Male (n=1);
Female (n=1)
4) Above elbow with above elbow
Total (n=1);
Male (n=1);
Female (n=0)
16
Ro et al.
East Asia
South Korea
2019
2004–2013
49,535 Work-related upper limb amputees
2004' (n=4,316);
2005' (n=4,953);
2006' (n=5,378);
2007' (n=5,565);
2008' (n=5,428);
2009' (n=4,999);
2010' (n=5,030);
2011' (n=4,986);
2012' (n=4,439);
2013' (n=4,441)
5
Bok and Song
East Asia
South Korea
2022
2011–2020
Disabled persons in the National Survey of Disabled Persons:
2011' (n=133,662);
[Above the elbow]
2011' (n=2,611,126);
2014' (n=149,249);
2011' (n=5,771);
2014' (n=2,646,064);
2017' (n=140,867);
2014' (n=6,438);
2017' (n=2,580,340);
2020' (n=125,457)
2017' (n=9,391);
2020' (n=2,622,950)
2020' (n=16,924)
[Between the elbow and wrist]
2011' (n=12,342);
2014' (n=13,762);
2017' (n=11,982);
2020' (n=12,666)
9
Huang et al.
East Asia
Taiwan
2022
1996–2013
1,000,000 Enrollees of Taiwan’s Longitudinal Health Insurance database (LHID), a nationally representative cohort randomly sampled from the National Health Research Database (NHIRD)
n=1,188
[Major amputation]
Total (n=104)
≤64 years (n=966)
65‒74 years (n=76)
75‒84 years (n=37)
≥85 years (n=5)
[Minor amputation]
Total (n=1,084)
≤64 years (n=72)
65‒74 years (n=13)
75‒84 years (n=16)
≥85 years (n=3)
Table 3.
Incidence or prevalence of upper limb amputation
Reference No.
Author
Continent
Country
Year of publication
Year of data collection
Population
Upper limb amputation cases (n)
Prevalence of upper limb amputation
Incidence of upper limb amputation
7
Dillingham et al.
North America
Maryland (United States)
1998
1979–1993
All ages
Major amputation (n=211);
[Incidence of upper limb amputations]
Minor amputation (n=3,897)
1) Above elbow
In 1979 (0.10 per 100,000);
In 1993 (0.04 per 100,000)
2) Below elbow
In 1979 (0.22 per 100,000);
In 1993 (0.08 per 100,000)
19
Ziegler-Graham et al.
North America
United States
2008
1988–1999
All ages
n=41,000 (in 2005)
[Estimated prevalence of major upper limb amputation in 2005]
Total (n=41,000);
Dysvascular diseases, total (n=5,000);
Dysvascular diseases, with comorbidity of diabetes (n=3,000);
Trauma (n=34,000);
Cancer (n=2,000)
14
Østlie et al.
Europe
Norway
2011
2006.10–2008.05
Adults (≥18 years old)
n=416
[Prevalence of major upper limb amputation]
11.6 per 100,000 adults
11
Liang et al.
East Asia
Taiwan
2004
1999–2001
All ages, workers
n=2,950
[Incidence of upper limb amputations]
Total (12.5 per 100,000);
Male (18.9 per 100,000);
Female (5.1 per 100,000)
16
Ro et al.
East Asia
Korea
2019
2004–2013
All ages (≥15 years old), workers
2004' (n=4,316);
[Incidence of upper limb amputations]
2005' (n=4,953);
2004' (19.1 per 100,000);
2006' (n=5,378);
2005' (21.7 per 100,000);
2007' (n=5,565);
2006' (23.1 per 100,000);
2008' (n=5,428);
2007' (23.7 per 100,000);
2009' (n=4,999);
2008' (23.0 per 100,000);
2010' (n=5,030);
2009' (21.3 per 100,000);
2011' (n=4,986);
2010' (21.1 per 100,000);
2012' (n=4,439);
2011' (20.6 per 100,000);
2013' (n=4,441)
2012' (18.0 per 100,000);
2013' (17.6 per 100,000)
Crude incidence rates were calculated by Choi Y in the present study using the number of amputations and number of workforce in the reference paper by Ro et al.
5
Bok and Song
East Asia
South Korea
2022
2011–2020
All ages, people with disabilities
2011' (n=133,662);
[Prevalence of upper limb amputation among people with disabilities]
2014' (n=149,249);
1) Major upper limb amputations
2017' (n=140,867);
2011' (6.9 per 1000 people with disabilities);
2020' (n=125,457)
2014' (7.6 per 1000 people with disabilities);
2017' (8.3 per 1000 people with disabilities);
2020' (11.3 per 1000 people with disabilities)
2) Above the elbow
2011' (2.2 per 1000 people with disabilities);
2014' (2.4 per 1000 people with disabilities);
2017' (3.6 per 1000 people with disabilities);
2020' (6.5 per 1000 people with disabilities)
3) Between the elbow and wrist
2011' (4.7 per 1000 people with disabilities);
2014' (5.2 per 1000 people with disabilities);
2017' (4.6 per 1000 people with disabilities);
2020' (4.8 per 1000 people with disabilities)
Prevalence rates were calculated by Choi Y in the present study using the number of amputations and number of people with disabilities in the reference paper by Bok SK and Song Y.
9
Huang et al.
East
Taiwan
2022
1996–2013
Older adults (≥65 years old)
n=1,188
[Age- and sex-adjusted incidence rates of major upper limb amputation]
Asia
1996' (0.54 per 100,000);
1997' (1.46 per 100,000);
1998' (0.70 per 100,000);
1999' (0.93 per 100,000);
2000' (1.10 per 100,000);
2001' (1.06 per 100,000);
2002' (0.70 per 100,000);
2003' (0.33 per 100,000);
2004' (0.78 per 100,000);
2005' (0.86 per 100,000);
2006' (0.22 per 100,000);
2007' (0.58 per 100,000);
2008' (0.33 per 100,000);
2009' (0.31 per 100,000);
2010' (0.32 per 100,000);
2011' (0.62 per 100,000);
2012' (0.61 per 100,000);
2013' (0.40 per 100,000);
AAPC=-5.6, p for trend=0.005
Table 4.
Etiologies of upper limb amputations
Vakhshori et al. (No. 18)
Østlie et al. (No. 14)
Pomares et al. (No. 15)
al-Turaiki and al-Falahi (No. 2)
Mousavi et al. (No. 13)
Liang et al. (No. 11)
Bok and Song (No. 5)
Country
United States
Norway
France
Saudi Arabia
Iran
Taiwan
South Korea
Upper limb amputees
n=6,130
n=220
n=1,132
n=610
n=144
n=2,950
2011' (n=133,662);
2014' (n=149,249);
2017' (n=140,867);
2020' (n=125,457)
Population
Children (≤20 years old)
Adults (≥18 years old)
Adults (≥16 years old)
All ages
All ages
All ages, workers
All ages, people with disabilities
Cause of amputation
Traumatic
Lawn mower/machinery (n=729);
Occupational accidents (n=91);
Assault (n=6);
n=530
n=96
Common powered machine (n=2,492);
[Including violence, traffic accidents, disasters, and trauma]
Caught between objects (n=640);
Traffic accidents (n=31);
Self-mutilation (n=6);
Tunneling machine (n=87);
2011' (n=130,678);
Power tools/other cutting instruments (n=557);
Other accidents (n=28); Explosion (n=19);
Motor vehicle accidents (n=22);
Wood planning machine (n=59);
2014' (n=143,491);
Motor vehicle accident (n=294);
War injury (n=10);
Avulsion (n=83);
Conveyors (n=38);
2017' (n=140,097);
Explosives, fireworks, firearms (n=142);
High voltage (n=5);
Blast (n=23);
Actuator (n=32);
2020' (n=113,515)
Struck accidentally by falling object (n=109);
Torture (n=1);
Meat grinder (n=7);
Building, structures (n=27);
Striking against or struck accidentally by objects or persons (n=99);
Self-inflicted damage (n=1)
Burn (n=12);
Materials (n=32);
Bicycle (n=46);
Fall (n=8);
Powered lifting machine (n=25);
Other (n=688);
Pruning hook (n=20);
Electrical apparatus (n=19);
Unspecified (n=2,826)
Strap/belt (n=16);
Hand tools (n=13);
Knife (n=0);
Others (n=108);
Brush cutter (n=6);
Unknown (n=18)
Surface planer (n=22);
Snow blower (n=9);
Grinder (n=8);
Crush (n=232);
Wood splitter (n=26);
Axe (n=9);
Cleaver (n=5);
Propeller (n=7);
Unknown (n=9);
Pressure injector (n=16);
Blender (n=0);
Harvester (n=5);
Bite wound (n=15);
Drill (n=7);
Plane (n=28);
Sword (n=5);
Saw (n=371);
Pruning shears (n=5);
Lawn mower (n=120);
Chain saw (n=19);
Fan (n=5)
Congenital
-
-
-
n=38
n=7
2011' (n=1,982);
2014' (n=1,724);
2017' (n=164);
2020' (n=909)
Disease
-
Cancer (n=15);
-
Oncological diseases (n=6);
Diabetes (n=1);
2011' (n=1,002);
Infection (n=14);
Non-oncological diseases (n=36)
Chronic vascular (n=0);
2014' (n=4,034);
Arteriosclerosis/poor
Arterial embolism (n=1);
2017' (n=606);
circulation/diabetes (n=3)
Chronic infection (n=5);
2020' (n=7,816)
Tumor/cancer (n=11)
Overdose
-
n=2
-
-
-
-
Other
-
-
-
-
n=6
-
REFERENCES
1. Shahsavari H, Matourypour P, Ghiyasvandian S, Ghorbani A, Bakhshi F, Mahmoudi M, et al. Upper limb amputation; care needs for reintegration to life: an integrative review. Int J Orthop Trauma Nurs 2020;38:100773.
2. Hutchison A, D'Cruz K, Ross P, Anderson S. Exploring the barriers and facilitators to community reintegration for adults following traumatic upper limb amputation: a mixed methods systematic review. Disabil Rehabil 2024;46:1471-84.
3. Ziegler-Graham K, MacKenzie EJ, Ephraim PL, Travison TG, Brookmeyer R. Estimating the prevalence of limb loss in the United States: 2005 to 2050. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2008;89:422-9.
5. Barmparas G, Inaba K, Teixeira PG, Dubose JJ, Criscuoli M, Talving P, et al. Epidemiology of post-traumatic limb amputation: a National Trauma Databank analysis. Am Surg 2010;76:1214-22.
9. Asplund M, Nilsson M, Jacobsson A, von Holst H. Incidence of traumatic peripheral nerve injuries and amputations in Sweden between 1998 and 2006. Neuroepidemiology 2009;32:217-28.
10. Østlie K, Skjeldal OH, Garfelt B, Magnus P. Adult acquired major upper limb amputation in Norway: prevalence, demographic features and amputation specific features. A population-based survey. Disabil Rehabil 2011;33:1636-49.
15. Hoy D, Brooks P, Woolf A, Blyth F, March L, Bain C, et al. Assessing risk of bias in prevalence studies: modification of an existing tool and evidence of interrater agreement. J Clin Epidemiol 2012;65:934-9.
16. Dillingham TR, Pezzin LE, MacKenzie EJ. Incidence, acute care length of stay, and discharge to rehabilitation of traumatic amputee patients: an epidemiologic study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1998;79:279-87.
17. McCall BP, Horwitz IB. An assessment and quantification of the rates, costs, and risk factors of occupational amputations: analysis of Kentucky workers' compensation claims, 1994-2003. Am J Ind Med 2006;49:1031-8.
20. Allami M, Mousavi B, Masoumi M, Modirian E, Shojaei H, Mirsalimi F, et al. A comprehensive musculoskeletal and peripheral nervous system assessment of war-related bilateral upper extremity amputees. Mil Med Res 2016;3:34.
21. Dhillon MS, Saini UC, Rana A, Aggarwal S, Srivastava A, Hooda A. The burden of post-traumatic amputations in a developing country - an epidemiological study from a level I trauma centre. Injury 2022;53:1416-21.
22. Ro JS, Leigh JH, Jeon I, Bang MS. Trends in burden of work-related upper limb amputation in South Korea, 2004-2013: a nationwide retrospective cohort study. BMJ Open 2019;9:e032793.
"upper limb amputation"[TW] OR "Upper Limb Amputee"[TW] OR "Upper Limb Disability"[TW] OR "Upper Limb Dysfunction"[TW] OR "arm amputation"[TW] OR "amputation stump, arm"[TW] OR "amputation, arm"[TW] OR "amputee, arm"[TW] OR "arm amputation stump"[TW] OR "arm amputee"[TW] OR "below elbow amputation"[TW] OR "upper extremity amputation"[TW]
1,000
#2
"Upper Extremity"[Mesh]
185,472
#3
"Upper Extremity"[TW] OR "Extremities, Upper"[TW] OR "Upper Extremities"[TW] OR "Membrum superius"[TW] OR "Upper Limb"[TW] OR "Limb, Upper"[TW] OR "Limbs, Upper"[TW] OR "Upper Limbs"[TW] OR "Extremity, Upper"[TW] OR "Bilateral"[TW]
354,766
#4
"Arm"[Mesh]
32,827
#5
"Arm"[TW] OR "Arms"[TW] OR "Upper Arm"[TW] OR "Arm, Upper"[TW] OR "Arms, Upper"[TW] OR "Upper Arms"[TW] OR "Brachium"[TW] OR "Brachiums"[TW]
253,472
#6
"Axilla"[Mesh]
14,512
#7
"Axilla"[TW] OR "Underarm"[TW] OR "Armpit"[TW]
19,609
#8
"Elbow"[Mesh]
7,390
#9
"Elbow"[TW] OR "articulatio cubitii"[TW] OR "cubital joint"[TW] OR "elbow joint"[TW] OR "joint, elbow"[TW]
43,757
#10
"Hand"[Mesh]
87,300
#11
"Hand"[TW] OR "Hands"[TW] OR "hand position"[TW] OR "left hand"[TW]
534,805
#12
"Shoulder"[Mesh]
15,667
#13
"Shoulder"[TW] OR "Shoulders"[TW] OR "shoulder (body region)"[TW] OR "shoulders"[TW]
98,404
#14
"Wrist"[Mesh]
10,667
#15
"Wrist"[TW] OR "Wrists"[TW] OR "articulatio radiocarpea"[TW] OR "carpus"[TW] OR "joint, wrist"[TW] OR "radio-carpal joint"[TW] OR "radiocarpal joint"[TW] OR "wrist joint"[TW]
55,530
#16
"Arm Injuries"[Mesh]
37,139
#17
"Arm Injuries"[TW] OR "Injuries, Arm"[TW] OR "Arm Injury"[TW] OR "Injury, Arm"[TW] OR "arm trauma"[TW] OR "trauma, arm"[TW]
6,094
#18
"Electric Injuries"[Mesh]
5,631
#19
"Electric Injuries"[TW] OR "Injuries, Electric"[TW] OR "Electric Injury"[TW] OR "Injury, Electric"[TW] OR "Electrocution, Accidental"[TW] OR "Accidental Electrocution"[TW] OR "Accidental Electrocutions"[TW] OR "Electrocutions, Accidental"[TW] OR "conducted energy weapon injuries"[TW] OR "electric lesion"[TW] OR "electric trauma"[TW] OR "electrical injury"[TW] OR "electrical trauma"[TW] OR "electrotrauma"[TW] OR "lightning injuries"[TW] OR "electrical"[TW] OR "Electrical Burns"[TW]
228,305
#20
"Burns"[Mesh]
62,141
#21
"Burns"[TW] OR "Burn"[TW] OR "burn complication"[TW] OR "burn injury"[TW] OR "burn trauma"[TW] OR "burn wound"[TW] OR "burning"[TW] OR "burns"[TW] OR "deep burn"[TW] OR "skin burn"[TW] OR "thermal burn"[TW] OR "third degree burn"[TW]
104,917
#22
"Blast Injuries"[Mesh]
4,719
#23
"Blast Injuries"[TW] OR "Injuries, Blast"[TW] OR "Blast Injury"[TW] OR "Injury, Blast"[TW] OR "air blast injury"[TW] OR "blast force trauma"[TW] OR "blast trauma"[TW] OR "blast-force injuries"[TW] OR "explosion injury"[TW] OR "explosion trauma"[TW] OR "explosive"[TW]
18,668
#24
"War-Related Injuries"[Mesh]
542
#25
"War-Related Injuries"[TW] OR "Injuries, War-Related"[TW] OR "Injury, War-Related"[TW] OR "War Related Injuries"[TW] OR "War-Related Injury"[TW] OR "War-Related Trauma"[TW] OR "Trauma, War-Related"[TW] OR "War Related Trauma"[TW] OR "battle injury"[TW] OR "battle casualty"[TW] OR "battle trauma"[TW] OR "battle wound"[TW] OR "combat casualty"[TW] OR "combat wound"[TW] OR "combat-related injury"[TW] OR "injury, war"[TW] OR "trauma, war"[TW] OR "war casualty"[TW] OR "war injury"[TW] OR "war trauma"[TW] OR "war wound"[TW] OR "war-related trauma"[TW] OR "wound, war"[TW] OR "battle injury"[TW] OR "landmine"[TW] OR "anti-personnel mine"[TW] OR "anti-tank mine"[TW] OR "anti-vehicular mine"[TW] OR "antipersonnel mine"[TW] OR "antitank mine"[TW] OR "antivehicular mine"[TW] OR "blast mine"[TW] OR "fragmentation mine"[TW] OR "land mine"[TW] OR "landmine"[TW] OR "Landmine injuries"[TW] OR "landmine injury"[TW]
2,623
#26
#2 OR #3 OR #4 OR #5 OR #6 OR #7 OR #8 OR #9 OR #10 OR #11 OR #12 OR #13 OR #14 OR #15 OR #16 OR #17 OR #18 OR #19 OR #20 OR #21 OR #22 OR #23 OR #24 OR #25
1,587,830
#27
"Amputation, Surgical"[Mesh]
24,264
#28
"Amputation, Surgical"[TW] OR "Amputations, Surgical"[TW] OR "Surgical Amputation"[TW] OR "Surgical Amputations"[TW] OR "Amputation"[TW] OR "Amputations"[TW] OR "Surgical Amputation Procedures"[TW] OR "Amputation Procedure, Surgical"[TW] OR "Amputation Procedures, Surgical"[TW] OR "Procedure, Surgical Amputation"[TW] OR "Procedures, Surgical Amputation"[TW] OR "Surgical Amputation Procedure"[TW] OR "Amputation, Multiple, Surgical"[TW] OR "Multiple Amputation, Surgical"[TW] OR "Amputation, Surgical Multiple"[TW] OR "Amputations, Surgical Multiple"[TW] OR "Multiple Amputations, Surgical"[TW] OR "Surgical Multiple Amputation"[TW] OR "Surgical Multiple Amputations"[TW] OR "physiologic amputation"[TW] OR "post amputation syndrome"[TW] OR "reamputation"[TW]
57,163
#29
"Amputation, Traumatic"[Mesh]
5,056
#30
"Amputation, Traumatic"[TW] OR "Amputations, Traumatic"[TW] OR "Traumatic Amputation"[TW] OR "Traumatic Amputations"[TW] OR "amputation, traumatic"[TW] OR "multiple amputations, traumatic"[TW] OR "multiple traumatic amputations"[TW] OR "multiple traumatic limb amputations"[TW]
5,605
#31
"Amputation, Congenital"[Supplementary Concept]
15
#32
"Amputation, Congenital"[TW] OR "intra-uterine amputation"[TW] OR "intrauterine amputation"[TW] OR "congenital amputation"[TW]
73
#33
#27 OR #28 OR #29 OR #30 OR #31 OR #32
57,612
#34
#26 AND #33
14,172
#35
#1 OR #34
14,512
#36
"Prevalence"[Mesh]
341,621
#37
"Prevalence"[TW] OR "Prevalences"[TW] OR "Period Prevalence"[TW] OR "Period Prevalences"[TW] OR "Prevalence, Period"[TW] OR "Point Prevalence"[TW] OR "Point Prevalences"[TW] OR "Prevalence, Point"[TW] OR "prevalence study"[TW]
875,803
#38
"Morbidity"[Mesh]
645,858
#39
"Morbidity"[TW] OR "Morbidities"[TW] OR "disease frequency"[TW] OR "disease incidence"[TW] OR "disorder incidence"[TW] OR "morbidity pattern"[TW] OR "morbidity rate"[TW] OR "morbidity risk"[TW] OR "rate, morbidity"[TW]
495,967
#40
#36 OR #37 OR #38 OR #39
1,565,465
#41
#35 AND #40
1,103
Appendix 2.
Search strategy for Embase
Database
No.
Search Query
Items found
Embase
#1
"arm amputation"/exp
2,067
#2
"upper limb amputation":ti,ab,kw,de OR "Upper Limb Amputee":ti,ab,kw,de OR "Upper Limb Disability":ti,ab,kw,de OR "Upper Limb Dysfunction":ti,ab,kw,de OR "arm amputation":ti,ab,kw,de OR "amputation stump, arm":ti,ab,kw,de OR "amputation, arm":ti,ab,kw,de OR "amputee, arm":ti,ab,kw,de OR "arm amputation stump":ti,ab,kw,de OR "arm amputee":ti,ab,kw,de OR "below elbow amputation":ti,ab,kw,de OR "upper extremity amputation":ti,ab,kw,de
2,875
#3
#1 OR #2
2,875
#4
"upper limb"/exp
369,108
#5
"Upper Extremity":ti,ab,kw,de OR "Extremities, Upper":ti,ab,kw,de OR "Upper Extremities":ti,ab,kw,de OR "Membrum superius":ti,ab,kw,de OR "Upper Limb":ti,ab,kw,de OR "Limb, Upper":ti,ab,kw,de OR "Limbs, Upper":ti,ab,kw,de OR "Upper Limbs":ti,ab,kw,de OR "Extremity, Upper":ti,ab,kw,de OR "Bilateral":ti,ab,kw,de
515,137
#6
"arm"/exp
275,075
#7
"Arm":ti,ab,kw,de OR "Arms":ti,ab,kw,de OR "Upper Arm":ti,ab,kw,de OR "Arm, Upper":ti,ab,kw,de OR "Arms, Upper":ti,ab,kw,de OR "Upper Arms":ti,ab,kw,de OR "Brachium":ti,ab,kw,de OR "Brachiums":ti,ab,kw,de
419,679
#8
"axilla"/exp
12,901
#9
"Axilla":ti,ab,kw,de OR "Underarm":ti,ab,kw,de OR "Armpit":ti,ab,kw,de
21,626
#10
"elbow"/exp
25,728
#11
"Elbow":ti,ab,kw,de OR "articulatio cubitii":ti,ab,kw,de OR "cubital joint":ti,ab,kw,de OR "elbow joint":ti,ab,kw,de OR "joint, elbow":ti,ab,kw,de
60,769
#12
"hand"/exp
106,291
#13
"Hand":ti,ab,kw,de OR "Hands":ti,ab,kw,de OR "hand position":ti,ab,kw,de OR "left hand":ti,ab,kw,de
747,491
#14
"shoulder"/exp
90,312
#15
"Shoulder":ti,ab,kw,de OR "Shoulders":ti,ab,kw,de OR "shoulder (body region)":ti,ab,kw,de OR "shoulders":ti,ab,kw,de
135,271
#16
"wrist"/exp
35,948
#17
"Wrist":ti,ab,kw,de OR "Wrists":ti,ab,kw,de OR "articulatio radiocarpea":ti,ab,kw,de OR "carpus":ti,ab,kw,de OR "joint, wrist":ti,ab,kw,de OR "radio-carpal joint":ti,ab,kw,de OR "radiocarpal joint":ti,ab,kw,de OR "wrist joint":ti,ab,kw,de
78,609
#18
"arm injury"/exp
97,680
#19
"Arm Injuries":ti,ab,kw,de OR "Injuries, Arm":ti,ab,kw,de OR "Arm Injury":ti,ab,kw,de OR "Injury, Arm":ti,ab,kw,de OR "arm trauma":ti,ab,kw,de OR "trauma, arm":ti,ab,kw,de
7,976
#20
"electric injury"/exp
20,203
#21
"Electric Injuries":ti,ab,kw,de OR "Injuries, Electric":ti,ab,kw,de OR "Electric Injury":ti,ab,kw,de OR "Injury, Electric":ti,ab,kw,de OR "Electrocution, Accidental":ti,ab,kw,de OR "Accidental Electrocution":ti,ab,kw,de OR "Accidental Electrocutions":ti,ab,kw,de OR "Electrocutions, Accidental":ti,ab,kw,de OR "conducted energy weapon injuries":ti,ab,kw,de OR "electric lesion":ti,ab,kw,de OR "electric trauma":ti,ab,kw,de OR "electrical injury":ti,ab,kw,de OR "electrical trauma":ti,ab,kw,de OR "electrotrauma":ti,ab,kw,de OR "lightning injuries":ti,ab,kw,de OR "electrical":ti,ab,kw,de OR "Electrical Burns":ti,ab,kw,de
277,887
#22
"burn"/exp
89,729
#23
"Burns":ti,ab,kw,de OR "Burn":ti,ab,kw,de OR "burn complication":ti,ab,kw,de OR "burn injury":ti,ab,kw,de OR "burn trauma":ti,ab,kw,de OR "burn wound":ti,ab,kw,de OR "burning":ti,ab,kw,de OR "burns":ti,ab,kw,de OR "deep burn":ti,ab,kw,de OR "skin burn":ti,ab,kw,de OR "thermal burn":ti,ab,kw,de OR "third degree burn":ti,ab,kw,de
157,551
#24
"blast injury"/exp
5,480
#25
"Blast Injuries":ti,ab,kw,de OR "Injuries, Blast":ti,ab,kw,de OR "Blast Injury":ti,ab,kw,de OR "Injury, Blast":ti,ab,kw,de OR "air blast injury":ti,ab,kw,de OR "blast force trauma":ti,ab,kw,de OR "blast trauma":ti,ab,kw,de OR "blast-force injuries":ti,ab,kw,de OR "explosion injury":ti,ab,kw,de OR "explosion trauma":ti,ab,kw,de OR "explosive":ti,ab,kw,de
21,997
#26
"battle injury"/exp OR "landmine"/exp
5,136
#27
"War-Related Injuries":ti,ab,kw,de OR "Injuries, War-Related":ti,ab,kw,de OR "Injury, War-Related":ti,ab,kw,de OR "War Related Injuries":ti,ab,kw,de OR "War-Related Injury":ti,ab,kw,de OR "War-Related Trauma":ti,ab,kw,de OR "Trauma, War-Related":ti,ab,kw,de OR "War Related Trauma":ti,ab,kw,de OR "battle injury":ti,ab,kw,de OR "battle casualty":ti,ab,kw,de OR "battle trauma":ti,ab,kw,de OR "battle wound":ti,ab,kw,de OR "combat casualty":ti,ab,kw,de OR "combat wound":ti,ab,kw,de OR "combat-related injury":ti,ab,kw,de OR "injury, war":ti,ab,kw,de OR "trauma, war":ti,ab,kw,de OR "war casualty":ti,ab,kw,de OR "war injury":ti,ab,kw,de OR "war trauma":ti,ab,kw,de OR "war wound":ti,ab,kw,de OR "war-related trauma":ti,ab,kw,de OR "wound, war":ti,ab,kw,de OR "battle injury":ti,ab,kw,de OR "landmine":ti,ab,kw,de OR "anti-personnel mine":ti,ab,kw,de OR "anti-tank mine":ti,ab,kw,de OR "anti-vehicular mine":ti,ab,kw,de OR "antipersonnel mine":ti,ab,kw,de OR "antitank mine":ti,ab,kw,de OR "antivehicular mine":ti,ab,kw,de OR "blast mine":ti,ab,kw,de OR "fragmentation mine":ti,ab,kw,de OR "land mine":ti,ab,kw,de OR "landmine":ti,ab,kw,de OR "Landmine injuries":ti,ab,kw,de OR "landmine injury":ti,ab,kw,de
6,754
#28
#4 OR #5 OR #6 OR #7 OR #8 OR #9 OR #10 OR #11 OR #12 OR #13 OR #14 OR #15 OR #16 OR #17 OR #18 OR #19 OR #20 OR #21 OR #22 OR #23 OR #24 OR #25 OR #26 OR #27
2,266,482
#29
"amputation"/exp
59,747
#30
"Amputation, Surgical":ti,ab,kw,de OR "Amputations, Surgical":ti,ab,kw,de OR "Surgical Amputation":ti,ab,kw,de OR "Surgical Amputations":ti,ab,kw,de OR "Amputation":ti,ab,kw,de OR "Amputations":ti,ab,kw,de OR "Surgical Amputation Procedures":ti,ab,kw,de OR "Amputation Procedure, Surgical":ti,ab,kw,de OR "Amputation Procedures, Surgical":ti,ab,kw,de OR "Procedure, Surgical Amputation":ti,ab,kw,de OR "Procedures, Surgical Amputation":ti,ab,kw,de OR "Surgical Amputation Procedure":ti,ab,kw,de OR "Amputation, Multiple, Surgical":ti,ab,kw,de OR "Multiple Amputation, Surgical":ti,ab,kw,de OR "Amputation, Surgical Multiple":ti,ab,kw,de OR "Amputations, Surgical Multiple":ti,ab,kw,de OR "Multiple Amputations, Surgical":ti,ab,kw,de OR "Surgical Multiple Amputation":ti,ab,kw,de OR "Surgical Multiple Amputations":ti,ab,kw,de OR "physiologic amputation":ti,ab,kw,de OR "post amputation syndrome":ti,ab,kw,de OR "reamputation":ti,ab,kw,de
82,179
#31
"traumatic amputation"/exp
2,562
#32
"Amputation, Traumatic":ti,ab,kw,de OR "Amputations, Traumatic":ti,ab,kw,de OR "Traumatic Amputation":ti,ab,kw,de OR "Traumatic Amputations":ti,ab,kw,de OR "amputation, traumatic":ti,ab,kw,de OR "multiple amputations, traumatic":ti,ab,kw,de OR "multiple traumatic amputations":ti,ab,kw,de OR "multiple traumatic limb amputations":ti,ab,kw,de
3,337
#33
"congenital amputation"/exp
66
#34
"Amputation, Congenital":ti,ab,kw,de OR "intra-uterine amputation":ti,ab,kw,de OR "intrauterine amputation":ti,ab,kw,de OR "congenital amputation":ti,ab,kw,de
130
#35
#29 OR #30 OR #31 OR #32 OR #33 OR #34
82,414
#36
#28 AND #35
20,164
#37
#3 OR #36
20,659
#38
"prevalence"/exp
960,412
#39
"Prevalence":ti,ab,kw,de OR "Prevalences":ti,ab,kw,de OR "Period Prevalence":ti,ab,kw,de OR "Period Prevalences":ti,ab,kw,de OR "Prevalence, Period":ti,ab,kw,de OR "Point Prevalence":ti,ab,kw,de OR "Point Prevalences":ti,ab,kw,de OR "Prevalence, Point":ti,ab,kw,de OR "prevalence study":ti,ab,kw,de
1,350,438
#40
"morbidity"/exp
427,489
#41
"Morbidity":ti,ab,kw,de OR "Morbidities":ti,ab,kw,de OR "disease frequency":ti,ab,kw,de OR "disease incidence":ti,ab,kw,de OR "disorder incidence":ti,ab,kw,de OR "morbidity pattern":ti,ab,kw,de OR "morbidity rate":ti,ab,kw,de OR "morbidity risk":ti,ab,kw,de OR "rate, morbidity":ti,ab,kw,de
846,964
#42
#38 OR #39 OR #40 OR #41
2,121,001
#43
#37 AND #42
1,655
Appendix 3.
Search strategy for Cochrane Library
Data
Database
No.
Search Query
Items found
2023.05.12
Cochrane Library
#1
"upper limb amputation":ti,ab,kw OR "Upper Limb Amputee":ti,ab,kw OR "Upper Limb Disability":ti,ab,kw OR "Upper Limb Dysfunction":ti,ab,kw OR "arm amputation":ti,ab,kw OR "amputation stump, arm":ti,ab,kw OR "amputation, arm":ti,ab,kw OR "amputee, arm":ti,ab,kw OR "arm amputation stump":ti,ab,kw OR "arm amputee":ti,ab,kw OR "below elbow amputation":ti,ab,kw OR "upper extremity amputation":ti,ab,kw
194
#2
[mh "Upper Extremity"]
16,872
#3
"Upper Extremity":ti,ab,kw OR "Extremities, Upper":ti,ab,kw OR "Upper Extremities":ti,ab,kw OR "Membrum superius":ti,ab,kw OR "Upper Limb":ti,ab,kw OR "Limb, Upper":ti,ab,kw OR "Limbs, Upper":ti,ab,kw OR "Upper Limbs":ti,ab,kw OR "Extremity, Upper":ti,ab,kw OR "Bilateral":ti,ab,kw
35,093
#4
[mh "Arm"]
8,742
#5
"Arm":ti,ab,kw OR "Arms":ti,ab,kw OR "Upper Arm":ti,ab,kw OR "Arm, Upper":ti,ab,kw OR "Arms, Upper":ti,ab,kw OR "Upper Arms":ti,ab,kw OR "Brachium":ti,ab,kw OR "Brachiums":ti,ab,kw
147,442
#6
[mh "Axilla"]
855
#7
"Axilla":ti,ab,kw OR "Underarm":ti,ab,kw OR "Armpit":ti,ab,kw
1,967
#8
[mh "Elbow"]
363
#9
"Elbow":ti,ab,kw OR "articulatio cubitii":ti,ab,kw OR "cubital joint":ti,ab,kw OR "elbow joint":ti,ab,kw OR "joint, elbow":ti,ab,kw
5,510
#10
[mh "Hand"]
2,872
#11
"Hand":ti,ab,kw OR "Hands":ti,ab,kw OR "hand position":ti,ab,kw OR "left hand":ti,ab,kw
42,391
#12
[mh "Shoulder"]
1,010
#13
"Shoulder":ti,ab,kw OR "Shoulders":ti,ab,kw OR "shoulder (body region)":ti,ab,kw OR "shoulders":ti,ab,kw
15,810
#14
[mh "Wrist"]
666
#15
"Wrist":ti,ab,kw OR "Wrists":ti,ab,kw OR "articulatio radiocarpea":ti,ab,kw OR "carpus":ti,ab,kw OR "joint, wrist":ti,ab,kw OR "radio-carpal joint":ti,ab,kw OR "radiocarpal joint":ti,ab,kw OR "wrist joint":ti,ab,kw
7,838
#16
[mh "Arm Injuries"]
1,811
#17
"Arm Injuries":ti,ab,kw OR "Injuries, Arm":ti,ab,kw OR "Arm Injury":ti,ab,kw OR "Injury, Arm":ti,ab,kw OR "arm trauma":ti,ab,kw OR "trauma, arm":ti,ab,kw
217
#18
[mh "Electric Injuries"]
33
#19
"Electric Injuries":ti,ab,kw OR "Injuries, Electric":ti,ab,kw OR "Electric Injury":ti,ab,kw OR "Injury, Electric":ti,ab,kw OR "Electrocution, Accidental":ti,ab,kw OR "Accidental Electrocution":ti,ab,kw OR "Accidental Electrocutions":ti,ab,kw OR "Electrocutions, Accidental":ti,ab,kw OR "conducted energy weapon injuries":ti,ab,kw OR "electric lesion":ti,ab,kw OR "electric trauma":ti,ab,kw OR "electrical injury":ti,ab,kw OR "electrical trauma":ti,ab,kw OR "electrotrauma":ti,ab,kw OR "lightning injuries":ti,ab,kw OR "electrical":ti,ab,kw OR "Electrical Burns":ti,ab,kw
16,195
#20
[mh "Burns"]
2,101
#21
"Burns":ti,ab,kw OR "Burn":ti,ab,kw OR "burn complication":ti,ab,kw OR "burn injury":ti,ab,kw OR "burn trauma":ti,ab,kw OR "burn wound":ti,ab,kw OR "burning":ti,ab,kw OR "burns":ti,ab,kw OR "deep burn":ti,ab,kw OR "skin burn":ti,ab,kw OR "thermal burn":ti,ab,kw OR "third degree burn":ti,ab,kw
10,846
#22
[mh "Blast Injuries"]
22
#23
"Blast Injuries":ti,ab,kw OR "Injuries, Blast":ti,ab,kw OR "Blast Injury":ti,ab,kw OR "Injury, Blast":ti,ab,kw OR "air blast injury":ti,ab,kw OR "blast force trauma":ti,ab,kw OR "blast trauma":ti,ab,kw OR "blast-force injuries":ti,ab,kw OR "explosion injury":ti,ab,kw OR "explosion trauma":ti,ab,kw OR "explosive":ti,ab,kw
710
#24
[mh "War-Related Injuries"]
12
#25
"War-Related Injuries":ti,ab,kw OR "Injuries, War-Related":ti,ab,kw OR "Injury, War-Related":ti,ab,kw OR "War Related Injuries":ti,ab,kw OR "War-Related Injury":ti,ab,kw OR "War-Related Trauma":ti,ab,kw OR "Trauma, War-Related":ti,ab,kw OR "War Related Trauma":ti,ab,kw OR "battle injury":ti,ab,kw OR "battle casualty":ti,ab,kw OR "battle trauma":ti,ab,kw OR "battle wound":ti,ab,kw OR "combat casualty":ti,ab,kw OR "combat wound":ti,ab,kw OR "combat-related injury":ti,ab,kw OR "injury, war":ti,ab,kw OR "trauma, war":ti,ab,kw OR "war casualty":ti,ab,kw OR "war injury":ti,ab,kw OR "war trauma":ti,ab,kw OR "war wound":ti,ab,kw OR "war-related trauma":ti,ab,kw OR "wound, war":ti,ab,kw OR "battle injury":ti,ab,kw OR "landmine":ti,ab,kw OR "anti-personnel mine":ti,ab,kw OR "anti-tank mine":ti,ab,kw OR "anti-vehicular mine":ti,ab,kw OR "antipersonnel mine":ti,ab,kw OR "antitank mine":ti,ab,kw OR "antivehicular mine":ti,ab,kw OR "blast mine":ti,ab,kw OR "fragmentation mine":ti,ab,kw OR "land mine":ti,ab,kw OR "landmine":ti,ab,kw OR "Landmine injuries":ti,ab,kw OR "landmine injury":ti,ab,kw
168
#26
#2 OR #3 OR #4 OR #5 OR #6 OR #7 OR #8 OR #9 OR #10 OR #11 OR #12 OR #13 OR #14 OR #15 OR #16 OR #17 OR #18 OR #19 OR #20 OR #21 OR #22 OR #23 OR #24 OR #25
248,584
#27
[mh "Amputation, Surgical"]
589
#28
"Amputation, Surgical":ti,ab,kw OR "Amputations, Surgical":ti,ab,kw OR "Surgical Amputation":ti,ab,kw OR "Surgical Amputations":ti,ab,kw OR "Amputation":ti,ab,kw OR "Amputations":ti,ab,kw OR "Surgical Amputation Procedures":ti,ab,kw OR "Amputation Procedure, Surgical":ti,ab,kw OR "Amputation Procedures, Surgical":ti,ab,kw OR "Procedure, Surgical Amputation":ti,ab,kw OR "Procedures, Surgical Amputation":ti,ab,kw OR "Surgical Amputation Procedure":ti,ab,kw OR "Amputation, Multiple, Surgical":ti,ab,kw OR "Multiple Amputation, Surgical":ti,ab,kw OR "Amputation, Surgical Multiple":ti,ab,kw OR "Amputations, Surgical Multiple":ti,ab,kw OR "Multiple Amputations, Surgical":ti,ab,kw OR "Surgical Multiple Amputation":ti,ab,kw OR "Surgical Multiple Amputations":ti,ab,kw OR "physiologic amputation":ti,ab,kw OR "post amputation syndrome":ti,ab,kw OR "reamputation":ti,ab,kw
3,683
#29
[mh "Amputation, Traumatic"]
65
#30
"Amputation, Traumatic":ti,ab,kw OR "Amputations, Traumatic":ti,ab,kw OR "Traumatic Amputation":ti,ab,kw OR "Traumatic Amputations":ti,ab,kw OR "amputation, traumatic":ti,ab,kw OR "multiple amputations, traumatic":ti,ab,kw OR "multiple traumatic amputations":ti,ab,kw OR "multiple traumatic limb amputations":ti,ab,kw
146
#31
"Amputation, Congenital":ti,ab,kw OR "intra-uterine amputation":ti,ab,kw OR "intrauterine amputation":ti,ab,kw OR "congenital amputation":ti,ab,kw
1
#32
#27 OR #28 OR #29 OR #30 OR #31
3,686
#33
#26 AND #32
756
#34
#1 OR #33
907
#35
[mh "Prevalence"]
8,684
#36
"Prevalence":ti,ab,kw OR "Prevalences":ti,ab,kw OR "Period Prevalence":ti,ab,kw OR "Period Prevalences":ti,ab,kw OR "Prevalence, Period":ti,ab,kw OR "Point Prevalence":ti,ab,kw OR "Point Prevalences":ti,ab,kw OR "Prevalence, Point":ti,ab,kw OR "prevalence study":ti,ab,kw
43,767
#37
[mh "Morbidity"]
25,895
#38
"Morbidity":ti,ab,kw OR "Morbidities":ti,ab,kw OR "disease frequency":ti,ab,kw OR "disease incidence":ti,ab,kw OR "disorder incidence":ti,ab,kw OR "morbidity pattern":ti,ab,kw OR "morbidity rate":ti,ab,kw OR "morbidity risk":ti,ab,kw OR "rate, morbidity":ti,ab,kw
Global Overview of Acquired Upper Limb Amputation Epidemiology: A Systematic Review of Prevalence, Incidence, Level, and Etiology
Fig. 1. PRISMA flow diagram for systematic reviews.
Fig. 2. Summary figure of key findings from the systematic review on major upper limb amputation.
Graphical abstract
Fig. 1.
Fig. 2.
Graphical abstract
Global Overview of Acquired Upper Limb Amputation Epidemiology: A Systematic Review of Prevalence, Incidence, Level, and Etiology
Reference No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
Allami et al.
al-Turaiki and al-Falahi
Asplund et al.
Barmparas et al.
Bok and Song
Dhillon et al.
Dillingham et al.
Ghavami et al.
Huang et al.
Krueger et al.
Liang et al.
McCall and Horwitz
Mousavi et al.
Østlie et al.
Pomares et al.
Ro et al.
Tennent et al.
Vakhshori et al.
Ziegler-Graham et al.
1. Was the study’s target population a close representation of the national population in relation to relevant variables?
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
2. Was the sampling frame a true or close representation of the target population?
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
3. Was some form of random selection used to select the sample, OR was a census undertaken?
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
4. Was the likelihood of nonresponse bias minimal?
0
1
1
1
0
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
5. Were data collected directly from the subjects (as opposed to a proxy)?
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
6. Was an acceptable case definition used in the study?
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
7. Was the study instrument that measured the parameter of
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
8. Was the same mode of data collection used for all subjects?
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
9. Was the length of the shortest prevalence period for the parameter of interest appropriate?
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
1
10. Were the numerator(s) and denominator(s) for the parameter of interest appropriate?
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
0
1
1
Total score
2
3
9
5
7
4
7
4
9
6
7
6
3
6
6
9
4
9
9
Overall risk of bias
High
High
Low
High
Moderate
High
Moderate
High
Low
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
High
Moderate
Moderate
Low
High
Low
Low
Reference No.
Author
Continent
Country
Year of publication
Year of data collection
Total sample size (n)
Upper limb amputation cases (n)
Unilateral/bilateral, left/right cases (n)
Amputation levels (n)
7
Dillingham et al.
North America
Maryland (United States)
1998
1979–1993
6,069 Discharges involving trauma-related amputation from Maryland Health Services Cost Review Commission
Major amputation (n=211);
Above elbow (n=95);
Minor amputation (n=3,897)
Below elbow (n=93)
12
McCall and Horwitz
North America
United States
2006
1994–2003
Worker’s compensation claims data (n=2,297)
n=2,295
finger(s) (n=1,995);
Thumb (n=230);
Hand (n=43);
Multiple upper extremities (n=11);
Lower arm (n=7);
Upper arm (n=4);
Wrist (n=4);
Wrist(s) and hand(s) (n=1)
19
Ziegler-Graham et al.
North America
United States
2008
1988–1999
Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project, Nationwide Inpatient Sample
n=41,000 (in 2005)
In 2005, 1.6 million persons with the loss of a limb
4
Barmparas et al.
North America
United States
2010
2000–2004
8,910 Amputated patients in the National Trauma Data Bank
n=782
Bilateral upper limb amputees (n=17)
Below elbow (n=183);
At or above elbow (n=119)
10
Krueger et al.
North America
United States
2012
2001–2011
1,221 Amputees from the Military Amputation Database (MAD)
Major amputations (n=228)
Wrist, disarticulation (n=27);
Transradial (n=110);
Through elbow (n=2);
Transhumeral (n=81);
Shoulder disarticulation (n=8)
17
Tennent et al.
North America
United States
2014
2001–2011
1,315 Amputees from the US military service members
n=173
-
[Total amputations (n=173)]
Wrist disarticulation (n=23);
Transradial (n=82);
Elbow disarticulation (n=2);
Transhumeral (n=59);
Shoulder disarticulation (n=7)
18
Vakhshori et al.
North America
United States
2019
1997–2012
6,130 Pediatric traumatic upper extremity amputees from the Kids’ Inpatient Database (KID), a national all-payer database of Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP)
n=6,130
-
Finger (n=4,573);
Thumb (n=1,178);
Below elbow (n=298);
Above elbow (n=142)
3
Asplund et al.
Europe
Sweden
2009
1998–2006
4,202 Traumatic amputations from the Swedish Hospital Discharge Register
n=825
-
Amputation between shoulder and elbow (n=34);
Amputation between elbow and wrist (n=72)
14
Østlie et al.
Europe
Norway
2011
2006.10–2008.05
416 Patients from databases of the two companies that make upper limb prostheses in Norway and three of the largest Norwegian hospitals
n=416
[Unilateral]
Forequarter (n=13);
Right (n=211);
Through shoulder joint (n=23);
Left (n=181);
Upper arm (n=99);
[Bilateral (n=21)]
Through elbow joint (n=24);
Forearm (n=176);
Through wrist (n=73);
Unilateral, unknown level (n=3);
Bilateral, not same level on both sides (n=5)
15
Pomares et al.
Europe
France
2018
2004–2013
55,238 Traumatic amputees from the Nancy University Hospital
[Upper limb amputations (n=2,247)]
Right (n=521);
[Surgical amputation (n=1,132)]
Traumatic amputation (n=1,715);
Left (n=611)
Finger1 (n=92);
Non-traumatic amputation (n=532)
Finger2 (n=325);
Finger3 (n=284);
Finger4 (n=227);
Finger5 (n=196);
Hand (n=0);
Forearm (n=4);
Upper arm (n=4)
2
al-Turaiki and al-Falahi
West Asia
Saudi Arabia
1993
1977–1990
3,210 Amputees who attended Riyadh Medical Rehabilitation Centre
n=610
Bilateral upper limb amputees (n=17)
Shoulder disarticulation (n=18);
Transhumeral (n=152);
Elbow disarticulation (n=15);
Transradial (n=243);
Wrist disarticulation (n=27);
Partial hand (n=155)
13
Mousavi et al.
West Asia
Iran
2012
2003–2011
624 Upper and lower limb amputees from the archive of educational hospitals of Kerman
n=144
-
Major (above the wrist) (n=78);
Minor (below the wrist) (n=66);
Wrist (n=3);
Forearm (n=20);
Elbow (n=10);
Arm (n=39);
Shoulder and forequarter (n=4)
8
Ghavami et al.
West Asia
Iran (Tehran)
2014
2007–2011
682 Electrical burn patients from the Shahid Motahari Burn Hospital
Fingers (35%, n=66 cases);
Thumb (20–30 cases);
Hand (n<10 cases);
Forearm (50–60 cases);
Arm (n<10 cases)
1
Allami et al.
West Asia
Iran
2016
2003–2011
103 Iraq-Iran war veterans with bilateral upper extremity amputation (206 amputations) from Veterans and Martyr Affair Foundation (VMAF)
n=103
Bilateral upper limb amputees (n=103)
Finger or wrist level (n=108);
Elbow (n=82);
Transhumeral or higher level (n=16)
6
Dhillon et al.
South Asia
India
2022
2018–2019
17,445 Trauma cases presenting to a trauma center at the Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research
n=104
-
Below elbow (n=40);
Above elbow (n=44);
Elbow disarticulation (n=4);
Shoulder disarticulation (n=13);
Wrist disarticulation (n=3)
11
Liang et al.
East Asia
Taiwan
2004
1999–2001
2,970 Claims for upper extremity amputation from worker’s compensation database
n=2,950
Unilateral (n=2,925);
[Unilateral], N (%)
Bilateral (n=25);
1) Below elbow amputation
Right (n=1,495);
Total (n=78);
Left (n=1,480)
Male (n=59);
Female (n=19)
2) Above elbow amputation
Total (n=31);
Male (n=22);
Female (n=9)
[Bilateral]
1) Below elbow with fingers
Total (n=3);
Male (n=3);
Female (n=0)
2) Below elbow with Below elbow
Total (n=2);
Male (n=2);
Female (n=0)
3) Above elbow with below elbow
Total (n=1);
Male (n=1);
Female (n=1)
4) Above elbow with above elbow
Total (n=1);
Male (n=1);
Female (n=0)
16
Ro et al.
East Asia
South Korea
2019
2004–2013
49,535 Work-related upper limb amputees
2004' (n=4,316);
2005' (n=4,953);
2006' (n=5,378);
2007' (n=5,565);
2008' (n=5,428);
2009' (n=4,999);
2010' (n=5,030);
2011' (n=4,986);
2012' (n=4,439);
2013' (n=4,441)
5
Bok and Song
East Asia
South Korea
2022
2011–2020
Disabled persons in the National Survey of Disabled Persons:
2011' (n=133,662);
[Above the elbow]
2011' (n=2,611,126);
2014' (n=149,249);
2011' (n=5,771);
2014' (n=2,646,064);
2017' (n=140,867);
2014' (n=6,438);
2017' (n=2,580,340);
2020' (n=125,457)
2017' (n=9,391);
2020' (n=2,622,950)
2020' (n=16,924)
[Between the elbow and wrist]
2011' (n=12,342);
2014' (n=13,762);
2017' (n=11,982);
2020' (n=12,666)
9
Huang et al.
East Asia
Taiwan
2022
1996–2013
1,000,000 Enrollees of Taiwan’s Longitudinal Health Insurance database (LHID), a nationally representative cohort randomly sampled from the National Health Research Database (NHIRD)
n=1,188
[Major amputation]
Total (n=104)
≤64 years (n=966)
65‒74 years (n=76)
75‒84 years (n=37)
≥85 years (n=5)
[Minor amputation]
Total (n=1,084)
≤64 years (n=72)
65‒74 years (n=13)
75‒84 years (n=16)
≥85 years (n=3)
Reference No.
Author
Continent
Country
Year of publication
Year of data collection
Population
Upper limb amputation cases (n)
Prevalence of upper limb amputation
Incidence of upper limb amputation
7
Dillingham et al.
North America
Maryland (United States)
1998
1979–1993
All ages
Major amputation (n=211);
[Incidence of upper limb amputations]
Minor amputation (n=3,897)
1) Above elbow
In 1979 (0.10 per 100,000);
In 1993 (0.04 per 100,000)
2) Below elbow
In 1979 (0.22 per 100,000);
In 1993 (0.08 per 100,000)
19
Ziegler-Graham et al.
North America
United States
2008
1988–1999
All ages
n=41,000 (in 2005)
[Estimated prevalence of major upper limb amputation in 2005]
Total (n=41,000);
Dysvascular diseases, total (n=5,000);
Dysvascular diseases, with comorbidity of diabetes (n=3,000);
Trauma (n=34,000);
Cancer (n=2,000)
14
Østlie et al.
Europe
Norway
2011
2006.10–2008.05
Adults (≥18 years old)
n=416
[Prevalence of major upper limb amputation]
11.6 per 100,000 adults
11
Liang et al.
East Asia
Taiwan
2004
1999–2001
All ages, workers
n=2,950
[Incidence of upper limb amputations]
Total (12.5 per 100,000);
Male (18.9 per 100,000);
Female (5.1 per 100,000)
16
Ro et al.
East Asia
Korea
2019
2004–2013
All ages (≥15 years old), workers
2004' (n=4,316);
[Incidence of upper limb amputations]
2005' (n=4,953);
2004' (19.1 per 100,000);
2006' (n=5,378);
2005' (21.7 per 100,000);
2007' (n=5,565);
2006' (23.1 per 100,000);
2008' (n=5,428);
2007' (23.7 per 100,000);
2009' (n=4,999);
2008' (23.0 per 100,000);
2010' (n=5,030);
2009' (21.3 per 100,000);
2011' (n=4,986);
2010' (21.1 per 100,000);
2012' (n=4,439);
2011' (20.6 per 100,000);
2013' (n=4,441)
2012' (18.0 per 100,000);
2013' (17.6 per 100,000)
Crude incidence rates were calculated by Choi Y in the present study using the number of amputations and number of workforce in the reference paper by Ro et al.
5
Bok and Song
East Asia
South Korea
2022
2011–2020
All ages, people with disabilities
2011' (n=133,662);
[Prevalence of upper limb amputation among people with disabilities]
2014' (n=149,249);
1) Major upper limb amputations
2017' (n=140,867);
2011' (6.9 per 1000 people with disabilities);
2020' (n=125,457)
2014' (7.6 per 1000 people with disabilities);
2017' (8.3 per 1000 people with disabilities);
2020' (11.3 per 1000 people with disabilities)
2) Above the elbow
2011' (2.2 per 1000 people with disabilities);
2014' (2.4 per 1000 people with disabilities);
2017' (3.6 per 1000 people with disabilities);
2020' (6.5 per 1000 people with disabilities)
3) Between the elbow and wrist
2011' (4.7 per 1000 people with disabilities);
2014' (5.2 per 1000 people with disabilities);
2017' (4.6 per 1000 people with disabilities);
2020' (4.8 per 1000 people with disabilities)
Prevalence rates were calculated by Choi Y in the present study using the number of amputations and number of people with disabilities in the reference paper by Bok SK and Song Y.
9
Huang et al.
East
Taiwan
2022
1996–2013
Older adults (≥65 years old)
n=1,188
[Age- and sex-adjusted incidence rates of major upper limb amputation]
Asia
1996' (0.54 per 100,000);
1997' (1.46 per 100,000);
1998' (0.70 per 100,000);
1999' (0.93 per 100,000);
2000' (1.10 per 100,000);
2001' (1.06 per 100,000);
2002' (0.70 per 100,000);
2003' (0.33 per 100,000);
2004' (0.78 per 100,000);
2005' (0.86 per 100,000);
2006' (0.22 per 100,000);
2007' (0.58 per 100,000);
2008' (0.33 per 100,000);
2009' (0.31 per 100,000);
2010' (0.32 per 100,000);
2011' (0.62 per 100,000);
2012' (0.61 per 100,000);
2013' (0.40 per 100,000);
AAPC=-5.6, p for trend=0.005
Vakhshori et al. (No. 18)
Østlie et al. (No. 14)
Pomares et al. (No. 15)
al-Turaiki and al-Falahi (No. 2)
Mousavi et al. (No. 13)
Liang et al. (No. 11)
Bok and Song (No. 5)
Country
United States
Norway
France
Saudi Arabia
Iran
Taiwan
South Korea
Upper limb amputees
n=6,130
n=220
n=1,132
n=610
n=144
n=2,950
2011' (n=133,662);
2014' (n=149,249);
2017' (n=140,867);
2020' (n=125,457)
Population
Children (≤20 years old)
Adults (≥18 years old)
Adults (≥16 years old)
All ages
All ages
All ages, workers
All ages, people with disabilities
Cause of amputation
Traumatic
Lawn mower/machinery (n=729);
Occupational accidents (n=91);
Assault (n=6);
n=530
n=96
Common powered machine (n=2,492);
[Including violence, traffic accidents, disasters, and trauma]
Caught between objects (n=640);
Traffic accidents (n=31);
Self-mutilation (n=6);
Tunneling machine (n=87);
2011' (n=130,678);
Power tools/other cutting instruments (n=557);
Other accidents (n=28); Explosion (n=19);
Motor vehicle accidents (n=22);
Wood planning machine (n=59);
2014' (n=143,491);
Motor vehicle accident (n=294);
War injury (n=10);
Avulsion (n=83);
Conveyors (n=38);
2017' (n=140,097);
Explosives, fireworks, firearms (n=142);
High voltage (n=5);
Blast (n=23);
Actuator (n=32);
2020' (n=113,515)
Struck accidentally by falling object (n=109);
Torture (n=1);
Meat grinder (n=7);
Building, structures (n=27);
Striking against or struck accidentally by objects or persons (n=99);
Self-inflicted damage (n=1)
Burn (n=12);
Materials (n=32);
Bicycle (n=46);
Fall (n=8);
Powered lifting machine (n=25);
Other (n=688);
Pruning hook (n=20);
Electrical apparatus (n=19);
Unspecified (n=2,826)
Strap/belt (n=16);
Hand tools (n=13);
Knife (n=0);
Others (n=108);
Brush cutter (n=6);
Unknown (n=18)
Surface planer (n=22);
Snow blower (n=9);
Grinder (n=8);
Crush (n=232);
Wood splitter (n=26);
Axe (n=9);
Cleaver (n=5);
Propeller (n=7);
Unknown (n=9);
Pressure injector (n=16);
Blender (n=0);
Harvester (n=5);
Bite wound (n=15);
Drill (n=7);
Plane (n=28);
Sword (n=5);
Saw (n=371);
Pruning shears (n=5);
Lawn mower (n=120);
Chain saw (n=19);
Fan (n=5)
Congenital
-
-
-
n=38
n=7
2011' (n=1,982);
2014' (n=1,724);
2017' (n=164);
2020' (n=909)
Disease
-
Cancer (n=15);
-
Oncological diseases (n=6);
Diabetes (n=1);
2011' (n=1,002);
Infection (n=14);
Non-oncological diseases (n=36)
Chronic vascular (n=0);
2014' (n=4,034);
Arteriosclerosis/poor
Arterial embolism (n=1);
2017' (n=606);
circulation/diabetes (n=3)
Chronic infection (n=5);
2020' (n=7,816)
Tumor/cancer (n=11)
Overdose
-
n=2
-
-
-
-
Other
-
-
-
-
n=6
-
Database
No.
Search Query
Items found
PubMed
#1
"upper limb amputation"[TW] OR "Upper Limb Amputee"[TW] OR "Upper Limb Disability"[TW] OR "Upper Limb Dysfunction"[TW] OR "arm amputation"[TW] OR "amputation stump, arm"[TW] OR "amputation, arm"[TW] OR "amputee, arm"[TW] OR "arm amputation stump"[TW] OR "arm amputee"[TW] OR "below elbow amputation"[TW] OR "upper extremity amputation"[TW]
1,000
#2
"Upper Extremity"[Mesh]
185,472
#3
"Upper Extremity"[TW] OR "Extremities, Upper"[TW] OR "Upper Extremities"[TW] OR "Membrum superius"[TW] OR "Upper Limb"[TW] OR "Limb, Upper"[TW] OR "Limbs, Upper"[TW] OR "Upper Limbs"[TW] OR "Extremity, Upper"[TW] OR "Bilateral"[TW]
354,766
#4
"Arm"[Mesh]
32,827
#5
"Arm"[TW] OR "Arms"[TW] OR "Upper Arm"[TW] OR "Arm, Upper"[TW] OR "Arms, Upper"[TW] OR "Upper Arms"[TW] OR "Brachium"[TW] OR "Brachiums"[TW]
253,472
#6
"Axilla"[Mesh]
14,512
#7
"Axilla"[TW] OR "Underarm"[TW] OR "Armpit"[TW]
19,609
#8
"Elbow"[Mesh]
7,390
#9
"Elbow"[TW] OR "articulatio cubitii"[TW] OR "cubital joint"[TW] OR "elbow joint"[TW] OR "joint, elbow"[TW]
43,757
#10
"Hand"[Mesh]
87,300
#11
"Hand"[TW] OR "Hands"[TW] OR "hand position"[TW] OR "left hand"[TW]
534,805
#12
"Shoulder"[Mesh]
15,667
#13
"Shoulder"[TW] OR "Shoulders"[TW] OR "shoulder (body region)"[TW] OR "shoulders"[TW]
98,404
#14
"Wrist"[Mesh]
10,667
#15
"Wrist"[TW] OR "Wrists"[TW] OR "articulatio radiocarpea"[TW] OR "carpus"[TW] OR "joint, wrist"[TW] OR "radio-carpal joint"[TW] OR "radiocarpal joint"[TW] OR "wrist joint"[TW]
55,530
#16
"Arm Injuries"[Mesh]
37,139
#17
"Arm Injuries"[TW] OR "Injuries, Arm"[TW] OR "Arm Injury"[TW] OR "Injury, Arm"[TW] OR "arm trauma"[TW] OR "trauma, arm"[TW]
6,094
#18
"Electric Injuries"[Mesh]
5,631
#19
"Electric Injuries"[TW] OR "Injuries, Electric"[TW] OR "Electric Injury"[TW] OR "Injury, Electric"[TW] OR "Electrocution, Accidental"[TW] OR "Accidental Electrocution"[TW] OR "Accidental Electrocutions"[TW] OR "Electrocutions, Accidental"[TW] OR "conducted energy weapon injuries"[TW] OR "electric lesion"[TW] OR "electric trauma"[TW] OR "electrical injury"[TW] OR "electrical trauma"[TW] OR "electrotrauma"[TW] OR "lightning injuries"[TW] OR "electrical"[TW] OR "Electrical Burns"[TW]
228,305
#20
"Burns"[Mesh]
62,141
#21
"Burns"[TW] OR "Burn"[TW] OR "burn complication"[TW] OR "burn injury"[TW] OR "burn trauma"[TW] OR "burn wound"[TW] OR "burning"[TW] OR "burns"[TW] OR "deep burn"[TW] OR "skin burn"[TW] OR "thermal burn"[TW] OR "third degree burn"[TW]
104,917
#22
"Blast Injuries"[Mesh]
4,719
#23
"Blast Injuries"[TW] OR "Injuries, Blast"[TW] OR "Blast Injury"[TW] OR "Injury, Blast"[TW] OR "air blast injury"[TW] OR "blast force trauma"[TW] OR "blast trauma"[TW] OR "blast-force injuries"[TW] OR "explosion injury"[TW] OR "explosion trauma"[TW] OR "explosive"[TW]
18,668
#24
"War-Related Injuries"[Mesh]
542
#25
"War-Related Injuries"[TW] OR "Injuries, War-Related"[TW] OR "Injury, War-Related"[TW] OR "War Related Injuries"[TW] OR "War-Related Injury"[TW] OR "War-Related Trauma"[TW] OR "Trauma, War-Related"[TW] OR "War Related Trauma"[TW] OR "battle injury"[TW] OR "battle casualty"[TW] OR "battle trauma"[TW] OR "battle wound"[TW] OR "combat casualty"[TW] OR "combat wound"[TW] OR "combat-related injury"[TW] OR "injury, war"[TW] OR "trauma, war"[TW] OR "war casualty"[TW] OR "war injury"[TW] OR "war trauma"[TW] OR "war wound"[TW] OR "war-related trauma"[TW] OR "wound, war"[TW] OR "battle injury"[TW] OR "landmine"[TW] OR "anti-personnel mine"[TW] OR "anti-tank mine"[TW] OR "anti-vehicular mine"[TW] OR "antipersonnel mine"[TW] OR "antitank mine"[TW] OR "antivehicular mine"[TW] OR "blast mine"[TW] OR "fragmentation mine"[TW] OR "land mine"[TW] OR "landmine"[TW] OR "Landmine injuries"[TW] OR "landmine injury"[TW]
2,623
#26
#2 OR #3 OR #4 OR #5 OR #6 OR #7 OR #8 OR #9 OR #10 OR #11 OR #12 OR #13 OR #14 OR #15 OR #16 OR #17 OR #18 OR #19 OR #20 OR #21 OR #22 OR #23 OR #24 OR #25
1,587,830
#27
"Amputation, Surgical"[Mesh]
24,264
#28
"Amputation, Surgical"[TW] OR "Amputations, Surgical"[TW] OR "Surgical Amputation"[TW] OR "Surgical Amputations"[TW] OR "Amputation"[TW] OR "Amputations"[TW] OR "Surgical Amputation Procedures"[TW] OR "Amputation Procedure, Surgical"[TW] OR "Amputation Procedures, Surgical"[TW] OR "Procedure, Surgical Amputation"[TW] OR "Procedures, Surgical Amputation"[TW] OR "Surgical Amputation Procedure"[TW] OR "Amputation, Multiple, Surgical"[TW] OR "Multiple Amputation, Surgical"[TW] OR "Amputation, Surgical Multiple"[TW] OR "Amputations, Surgical Multiple"[TW] OR "Multiple Amputations, Surgical"[TW] OR "Surgical Multiple Amputation"[TW] OR "Surgical Multiple Amputations"[TW] OR "physiologic amputation"[TW] OR "post amputation syndrome"[TW] OR "reamputation"[TW]
57,163
#29
"Amputation, Traumatic"[Mesh]
5,056
#30
"Amputation, Traumatic"[TW] OR "Amputations, Traumatic"[TW] OR "Traumatic Amputation"[TW] OR "Traumatic Amputations"[TW] OR "amputation, traumatic"[TW] OR "multiple amputations, traumatic"[TW] OR "multiple traumatic amputations"[TW] OR "multiple traumatic limb amputations"[TW]
5,605
#31
"Amputation, Congenital"[Supplementary Concept]
15
#32
"Amputation, Congenital"[TW] OR "intra-uterine amputation"[TW] OR "intrauterine amputation"[TW] OR "congenital amputation"[TW]
73
#33
#27 OR #28 OR #29 OR #30 OR #31 OR #32
57,612
#34
#26 AND #33
14,172
#35
#1 OR #34
14,512
#36
"Prevalence"[Mesh]
341,621
#37
"Prevalence"[TW] OR "Prevalences"[TW] OR "Period Prevalence"[TW] OR "Period Prevalences"[TW] OR "Prevalence, Period"[TW] OR "Point Prevalence"[TW] OR "Point Prevalences"[TW] OR "Prevalence, Point"[TW] OR "prevalence study"[TW]
875,803
#38
"Morbidity"[Mesh]
645,858
#39
"Morbidity"[TW] OR "Morbidities"[TW] OR "disease frequency"[TW] OR "disease incidence"[TW] OR "disorder incidence"[TW] OR "morbidity pattern"[TW] OR "morbidity rate"[TW] OR "morbidity risk"[TW] OR "rate, morbidity"[TW]
495,967
#40
#36 OR #37 OR #38 OR #39
1,565,465
#41
#35 AND #40
1,103
Database
No.
Search Query
Items found
Embase
#1
"arm amputation"/exp
2,067
#2
"upper limb amputation":ti,ab,kw,de OR "Upper Limb Amputee":ti,ab,kw,de OR "Upper Limb Disability":ti,ab,kw,de OR "Upper Limb Dysfunction":ti,ab,kw,de OR "arm amputation":ti,ab,kw,de OR "amputation stump, arm":ti,ab,kw,de OR "amputation, arm":ti,ab,kw,de OR "amputee, arm":ti,ab,kw,de OR "arm amputation stump":ti,ab,kw,de OR "arm amputee":ti,ab,kw,de OR "below elbow amputation":ti,ab,kw,de OR "upper extremity amputation":ti,ab,kw,de
2,875
#3
#1 OR #2
2,875
#4
"upper limb"/exp
369,108
#5
"Upper Extremity":ti,ab,kw,de OR "Extremities, Upper":ti,ab,kw,de OR "Upper Extremities":ti,ab,kw,de OR "Membrum superius":ti,ab,kw,de OR "Upper Limb":ti,ab,kw,de OR "Limb, Upper":ti,ab,kw,de OR "Limbs, Upper":ti,ab,kw,de OR "Upper Limbs":ti,ab,kw,de OR "Extremity, Upper":ti,ab,kw,de OR "Bilateral":ti,ab,kw,de
515,137
#6
"arm"/exp
275,075
#7
"Arm":ti,ab,kw,de OR "Arms":ti,ab,kw,de OR "Upper Arm":ti,ab,kw,de OR "Arm, Upper":ti,ab,kw,de OR "Arms, Upper":ti,ab,kw,de OR "Upper Arms":ti,ab,kw,de OR "Brachium":ti,ab,kw,de OR "Brachiums":ti,ab,kw,de
419,679
#8
"axilla"/exp
12,901
#9
"Axilla":ti,ab,kw,de OR "Underarm":ti,ab,kw,de OR "Armpit":ti,ab,kw,de
21,626
#10
"elbow"/exp
25,728
#11
"Elbow":ti,ab,kw,de OR "articulatio cubitii":ti,ab,kw,de OR "cubital joint":ti,ab,kw,de OR "elbow joint":ti,ab,kw,de OR "joint, elbow":ti,ab,kw,de
60,769
#12
"hand"/exp
106,291
#13
"Hand":ti,ab,kw,de OR "Hands":ti,ab,kw,de OR "hand position":ti,ab,kw,de OR "left hand":ti,ab,kw,de
747,491
#14
"shoulder"/exp
90,312
#15
"Shoulder":ti,ab,kw,de OR "Shoulders":ti,ab,kw,de OR "shoulder (body region)":ti,ab,kw,de OR "shoulders":ti,ab,kw,de
135,271
#16
"wrist"/exp
35,948
#17
"Wrist":ti,ab,kw,de OR "Wrists":ti,ab,kw,de OR "articulatio radiocarpea":ti,ab,kw,de OR "carpus":ti,ab,kw,de OR "joint, wrist":ti,ab,kw,de OR "radio-carpal joint":ti,ab,kw,de OR "radiocarpal joint":ti,ab,kw,de OR "wrist joint":ti,ab,kw,de
78,609
#18
"arm injury"/exp
97,680
#19
"Arm Injuries":ti,ab,kw,de OR "Injuries, Arm":ti,ab,kw,de OR "Arm Injury":ti,ab,kw,de OR "Injury, Arm":ti,ab,kw,de OR "arm trauma":ti,ab,kw,de OR "trauma, arm":ti,ab,kw,de
7,976
#20
"electric injury"/exp
20,203
#21
"Electric Injuries":ti,ab,kw,de OR "Injuries, Electric":ti,ab,kw,de OR "Electric Injury":ti,ab,kw,de OR "Injury, Electric":ti,ab,kw,de OR "Electrocution, Accidental":ti,ab,kw,de OR "Accidental Electrocution":ti,ab,kw,de OR "Accidental Electrocutions":ti,ab,kw,de OR "Electrocutions, Accidental":ti,ab,kw,de OR "conducted energy weapon injuries":ti,ab,kw,de OR "electric lesion":ti,ab,kw,de OR "electric trauma":ti,ab,kw,de OR "electrical injury":ti,ab,kw,de OR "electrical trauma":ti,ab,kw,de OR "electrotrauma":ti,ab,kw,de OR "lightning injuries":ti,ab,kw,de OR "electrical":ti,ab,kw,de OR "Electrical Burns":ti,ab,kw,de
277,887
#22
"burn"/exp
89,729
#23
"Burns":ti,ab,kw,de OR "Burn":ti,ab,kw,de OR "burn complication":ti,ab,kw,de OR "burn injury":ti,ab,kw,de OR "burn trauma":ti,ab,kw,de OR "burn wound":ti,ab,kw,de OR "burning":ti,ab,kw,de OR "burns":ti,ab,kw,de OR "deep burn":ti,ab,kw,de OR "skin burn":ti,ab,kw,de OR "thermal burn":ti,ab,kw,de OR "third degree burn":ti,ab,kw,de
157,551
#24
"blast injury"/exp
5,480
#25
"Blast Injuries":ti,ab,kw,de OR "Injuries, Blast":ti,ab,kw,de OR "Blast Injury":ti,ab,kw,de OR "Injury, Blast":ti,ab,kw,de OR "air blast injury":ti,ab,kw,de OR "blast force trauma":ti,ab,kw,de OR "blast trauma":ti,ab,kw,de OR "blast-force injuries":ti,ab,kw,de OR "explosion injury":ti,ab,kw,de OR "explosion trauma":ti,ab,kw,de OR "explosive":ti,ab,kw,de
21,997
#26
"battle injury"/exp OR "landmine"/exp
5,136
#27
"War-Related Injuries":ti,ab,kw,de OR "Injuries, War-Related":ti,ab,kw,de OR "Injury, War-Related":ti,ab,kw,de OR "War Related Injuries":ti,ab,kw,de OR "War-Related Injury":ti,ab,kw,de OR "War-Related Trauma":ti,ab,kw,de OR "Trauma, War-Related":ti,ab,kw,de OR "War Related Trauma":ti,ab,kw,de OR "battle injury":ti,ab,kw,de OR "battle casualty":ti,ab,kw,de OR "battle trauma":ti,ab,kw,de OR "battle wound":ti,ab,kw,de OR "combat casualty":ti,ab,kw,de OR "combat wound":ti,ab,kw,de OR "combat-related injury":ti,ab,kw,de OR "injury, war":ti,ab,kw,de OR "trauma, war":ti,ab,kw,de OR "war casualty":ti,ab,kw,de OR "war injury":ti,ab,kw,de OR "war trauma":ti,ab,kw,de OR "war wound":ti,ab,kw,de OR "war-related trauma":ti,ab,kw,de OR "wound, war":ti,ab,kw,de OR "battle injury":ti,ab,kw,de OR "landmine":ti,ab,kw,de OR "anti-personnel mine":ti,ab,kw,de OR "anti-tank mine":ti,ab,kw,de OR "anti-vehicular mine":ti,ab,kw,de OR "antipersonnel mine":ti,ab,kw,de OR "antitank mine":ti,ab,kw,de OR "antivehicular mine":ti,ab,kw,de OR "blast mine":ti,ab,kw,de OR "fragmentation mine":ti,ab,kw,de OR "land mine":ti,ab,kw,de OR "landmine":ti,ab,kw,de OR "Landmine injuries":ti,ab,kw,de OR "landmine injury":ti,ab,kw,de
6,754
#28
#4 OR #5 OR #6 OR #7 OR #8 OR #9 OR #10 OR #11 OR #12 OR #13 OR #14 OR #15 OR #16 OR #17 OR #18 OR #19 OR #20 OR #21 OR #22 OR #23 OR #24 OR #25 OR #26 OR #27
2,266,482
#29
"amputation"/exp
59,747
#30
"Amputation, Surgical":ti,ab,kw,de OR "Amputations, Surgical":ti,ab,kw,de OR "Surgical Amputation":ti,ab,kw,de OR "Surgical Amputations":ti,ab,kw,de OR "Amputation":ti,ab,kw,de OR "Amputations":ti,ab,kw,de OR "Surgical Amputation Procedures":ti,ab,kw,de OR "Amputation Procedure, Surgical":ti,ab,kw,de OR "Amputation Procedures, Surgical":ti,ab,kw,de OR "Procedure, Surgical Amputation":ti,ab,kw,de OR "Procedures, Surgical Amputation":ti,ab,kw,de OR "Surgical Amputation Procedure":ti,ab,kw,de OR "Amputation, Multiple, Surgical":ti,ab,kw,de OR "Multiple Amputation, Surgical":ti,ab,kw,de OR "Amputation, Surgical Multiple":ti,ab,kw,de OR "Amputations, Surgical Multiple":ti,ab,kw,de OR "Multiple Amputations, Surgical":ti,ab,kw,de OR "Surgical Multiple Amputation":ti,ab,kw,de OR "Surgical Multiple Amputations":ti,ab,kw,de OR "physiologic amputation":ti,ab,kw,de OR "post amputation syndrome":ti,ab,kw,de OR "reamputation":ti,ab,kw,de
82,179
#31
"traumatic amputation"/exp
2,562
#32
"Amputation, Traumatic":ti,ab,kw,de OR "Amputations, Traumatic":ti,ab,kw,de OR "Traumatic Amputation":ti,ab,kw,de OR "Traumatic Amputations":ti,ab,kw,de OR "amputation, traumatic":ti,ab,kw,de OR "multiple amputations, traumatic":ti,ab,kw,de OR "multiple traumatic amputations":ti,ab,kw,de OR "multiple traumatic limb amputations":ti,ab,kw,de
3,337
#33
"congenital amputation"/exp
66
#34
"Amputation, Congenital":ti,ab,kw,de OR "intra-uterine amputation":ti,ab,kw,de OR "intrauterine amputation":ti,ab,kw,de OR "congenital amputation":ti,ab,kw,de
130
#35
#29 OR #30 OR #31 OR #32 OR #33 OR #34
82,414
#36
#28 AND #35
20,164
#37
#3 OR #36
20,659
#38
"prevalence"/exp
960,412
#39
"Prevalence":ti,ab,kw,de OR "Prevalences":ti,ab,kw,de OR "Period Prevalence":ti,ab,kw,de OR "Period Prevalences":ti,ab,kw,de OR "Prevalence, Period":ti,ab,kw,de OR "Point Prevalence":ti,ab,kw,de OR "Point Prevalences":ti,ab,kw,de OR "Prevalence, Point":ti,ab,kw,de OR "prevalence study":ti,ab,kw,de
1,350,438
#40
"morbidity"/exp
427,489
#41
"Morbidity":ti,ab,kw,de OR "Morbidities":ti,ab,kw,de OR "disease frequency":ti,ab,kw,de OR "disease incidence":ti,ab,kw,de OR "disorder incidence":ti,ab,kw,de OR "morbidity pattern":ti,ab,kw,de OR "morbidity rate":ti,ab,kw,de OR "morbidity risk":ti,ab,kw,de OR "rate, morbidity":ti,ab,kw,de
846,964
#42
#38 OR #39 OR #40 OR #41
2,121,001
#43
#37 AND #42
1,655
Data
Database
No.
Search Query
Items found
2023.05.12
Cochrane Library
#1
"upper limb amputation":ti,ab,kw OR "Upper Limb Amputee":ti,ab,kw OR "Upper Limb Disability":ti,ab,kw OR "Upper Limb Dysfunction":ti,ab,kw OR "arm amputation":ti,ab,kw OR "amputation stump, arm":ti,ab,kw OR "amputation, arm":ti,ab,kw OR "amputee, arm":ti,ab,kw OR "arm amputation stump":ti,ab,kw OR "arm amputee":ti,ab,kw OR "below elbow amputation":ti,ab,kw OR "upper extremity amputation":ti,ab,kw
194
#2
[mh "Upper Extremity"]
16,872
#3
"Upper Extremity":ti,ab,kw OR "Extremities, Upper":ti,ab,kw OR "Upper Extremities":ti,ab,kw OR "Membrum superius":ti,ab,kw OR "Upper Limb":ti,ab,kw OR "Limb, Upper":ti,ab,kw OR "Limbs, Upper":ti,ab,kw OR "Upper Limbs":ti,ab,kw OR "Extremity, Upper":ti,ab,kw OR "Bilateral":ti,ab,kw
35,093
#4
[mh "Arm"]
8,742
#5
"Arm":ti,ab,kw OR "Arms":ti,ab,kw OR "Upper Arm":ti,ab,kw OR "Arm, Upper":ti,ab,kw OR "Arms, Upper":ti,ab,kw OR "Upper Arms":ti,ab,kw OR "Brachium":ti,ab,kw OR "Brachiums":ti,ab,kw
147,442
#6
[mh "Axilla"]
855
#7
"Axilla":ti,ab,kw OR "Underarm":ti,ab,kw OR "Armpit":ti,ab,kw
1,967
#8
[mh "Elbow"]
363
#9
"Elbow":ti,ab,kw OR "articulatio cubitii":ti,ab,kw OR "cubital joint":ti,ab,kw OR "elbow joint":ti,ab,kw OR "joint, elbow":ti,ab,kw
5,510
#10
[mh "Hand"]
2,872
#11
"Hand":ti,ab,kw OR "Hands":ti,ab,kw OR "hand position":ti,ab,kw OR "left hand":ti,ab,kw
42,391
#12
[mh "Shoulder"]
1,010
#13
"Shoulder":ti,ab,kw OR "Shoulders":ti,ab,kw OR "shoulder (body region)":ti,ab,kw OR "shoulders":ti,ab,kw
15,810
#14
[mh "Wrist"]
666
#15
"Wrist":ti,ab,kw OR "Wrists":ti,ab,kw OR "articulatio radiocarpea":ti,ab,kw OR "carpus":ti,ab,kw OR "joint, wrist":ti,ab,kw OR "radio-carpal joint":ti,ab,kw OR "radiocarpal joint":ti,ab,kw OR "wrist joint":ti,ab,kw
7,838
#16
[mh "Arm Injuries"]
1,811
#17
"Arm Injuries":ti,ab,kw OR "Injuries, Arm":ti,ab,kw OR "Arm Injury":ti,ab,kw OR "Injury, Arm":ti,ab,kw OR "arm trauma":ti,ab,kw OR "trauma, arm":ti,ab,kw
217
#18
[mh "Electric Injuries"]
33
#19
"Electric Injuries":ti,ab,kw OR "Injuries, Electric":ti,ab,kw OR "Electric Injury":ti,ab,kw OR "Injury, Electric":ti,ab,kw OR "Electrocution, Accidental":ti,ab,kw OR "Accidental Electrocution":ti,ab,kw OR "Accidental Electrocutions":ti,ab,kw OR "Electrocutions, Accidental":ti,ab,kw OR "conducted energy weapon injuries":ti,ab,kw OR "electric lesion":ti,ab,kw OR "electric trauma":ti,ab,kw OR "electrical injury":ti,ab,kw OR "electrical trauma":ti,ab,kw OR "electrotrauma":ti,ab,kw OR "lightning injuries":ti,ab,kw OR "electrical":ti,ab,kw OR "Electrical Burns":ti,ab,kw
16,195
#20
[mh "Burns"]
2,101
#21
"Burns":ti,ab,kw OR "Burn":ti,ab,kw OR "burn complication":ti,ab,kw OR "burn injury":ti,ab,kw OR "burn trauma":ti,ab,kw OR "burn wound":ti,ab,kw OR "burning":ti,ab,kw OR "burns":ti,ab,kw OR "deep burn":ti,ab,kw OR "skin burn":ti,ab,kw OR "thermal burn":ti,ab,kw OR "third degree burn":ti,ab,kw
10,846
#22
[mh "Blast Injuries"]
22
#23
"Blast Injuries":ti,ab,kw OR "Injuries, Blast":ti,ab,kw OR "Blast Injury":ti,ab,kw OR "Injury, Blast":ti,ab,kw OR "air blast injury":ti,ab,kw OR "blast force trauma":ti,ab,kw OR "blast trauma":ti,ab,kw OR "blast-force injuries":ti,ab,kw OR "explosion injury":ti,ab,kw OR "explosion trauma":ti,ab,kw OR "explosive":ti,ab,kw
710
#24
[mh "War-Related Injuries"]
12
#25
"War-Related Injuries":ti,ab,kw OR "Injuries, War-Related":ti,ab,kw OR "Injury, War-Related":ti,ab,kw OR "War Related Injuries":ti,ab,kw OR "War-Related Injury":ti,ab,kw OR "War-Related Trauma":ti,ab,kw OR "Trauma, War-Related":ti,ab,kw OR "War Related Trauma":ti,ab,kw OR "battle injury":ti,ab,kw OR "battle casualty":ti,ab,kw OR "battle trauma":ti,ab,kw OR "battle wound":ti,ab,kw OR "combat casualty":ti,ab,kw OR "combat wound":ti,ab,kw OR "combat-related injury":ti,ab,kw OR "injury, war":ti,ab,kw OR "trauma, war":ti,ab,kw OR "war casualty":ti,ab,kw OR "war injury":ti,ab,kw OR "war trauma":ti,ab,kw OR "war wound":ti,ab,kw OR "war-related trauma":ti,ab,kw OR "wound, war":ti,ab,kw OR "battle injury":ti,ab,kw OR "landmine":ti,ab,kw OR "anti-personnel mine":ti,ab,kw OR "anti-tank mine":ti,ab,kw OR "anti-vehicular mine":ti,ab,kw OR "antipersonnel mine":ti,ab,kw OR "antitank mine":ti,ab,kw OR "antivehicular mine":ti,ab,kw OR "blast mine":ti,ab,kw OR "fragmentation mine":ti,ab,kw OR "land mine":ti,ab,kw OR "landmine":ti,ab,kw OR "Landmine injuries":ti,ab,kw OR "landmine injury":ti,ab,kw
168
#26
#2 OR #3 OR #4 OR #5 OR #6 OR #7 OR #8 OR #9 OR #10 OR #11 OR #12 OR #13 OR #14 OR #15 OR #16 OR #17 OR #18 OR #19 OR #20 OR #21 OR #22 OR #23 OR #24 OR #25
248,584
#27
[mh "Amputation, Surgical"]
589
#28
"Amputation, Surgical":ti,ab,kw OR "Amputations, Surgical":ti,ab,kw OR "Surgical Amputation":ti,ab,kw OR "Surgical Amputations":ti,ab,kw OR "Amputation":ti,ab,kw OR "Amputations":ti,ab,kw OR "Surgical Amputation Procedures":ti,ab,kw OR "Amputation Procedure, Surgical":ti,ab,kw OR "Amputation Procedures, Surgical":ti,ab,kw OR "Procedure, Surgical Amputation":ti,ab,kw OR "Procedures, Surgical Amputation":ti,ab,kw OR "Surgical Amputation Procedure":ti,ab,kw OR "Amputation, Multiple, Surgical":ti,ab,kw OR "Multiple Amputation, Surgical":ti,ab,kw OR "Amputation, Surgical Multiple":ti,ab,kw OR "Amputations, Surgical Multiple":ti,ab,kw OR "Multiple Amputations, Surgical":ti,ab,kw OR "Surgical Multiple Amputation":ti,ab,kw OR "Surgical Multiple Amputations":ti,ab,kw OR "physiologic amputation":ti,ab,kw OR "post amputation syndrome":ti,ab,kw OR "reamputation":ti,ab,kw
3,683
#29
[mh "Amputation, Traumatic"]
65
#30
"Amputation, Traumatic":ti,ab,kw OR "Amputations, Traumatic":ti,ab,kw OR "Traumatic Amputation":ti,ab,kw OR "Traumatic Amputations":ti,ab,kw OR "amputation, traumatic":ti,ab,kw OR "multiple amputations, traumatic":ti,ab,kw OR "multiple traumatic amputations":ti,ab,kw OR "multiple traumatic limb amputations":ti,ab,kw
146
#31
"Amputation, Congenital":ti,ab,kw OR "intra-uterine amputation":ti,ab,kw OR "intrauterine amputation":ti,ab,kw OR "congenital amputation":ti,ab,kw
1
#32
#27 OR #28 OR #29 OR #30 OR #31
3,686
#33
#26 AND #32
756
#34
#1 OR #33
907
#35
[mh "Prevalence"]
8,684
#36
"Prevalence":ti,ab,kw OR "Prevalences":ti,ab,kw OR "Period Prevalence":ti,ab,kw OR "Period Prevalences":ti,ab,kw OR "Prevalence, Period":ti,ab,kw OR "Point Prevalence":ti,ab,kw OR "Point Prevalences":ti,ab,kw OR "Prevalence, Point":ti,ab,kw OR "prevalence study":ti,ab,kw
43,767
#37
[mh "Morbidity"]
25,895
#38
"Morbidity":ti,ab,kw OR "Morbidities":ti,ab,kw OR "disease frequency":ti,ab,kw OR "disease incidence":ti,ab,kw OR "disorder incidence":ti,ab,kw OR "morbidity pattern":ti,ab,kw OR "morbidity rate":ti,ab,kw OR "morbidity risk":ti,ab,kw OR "rate, morbidity":ti,ab,kw
47,769
#39
#35 OR #36 OR #37 OR #38
101,112
#40
#34 AND #39
96
Database
No.
Search Query
Items found
RISS
#1
(전체 : 상지 절단 <OR> 전체 : 상지 기능장애 <OR> 전체 : 상지 신경손상)
922
#2
(전체 : 유병률)
7,295
#3
#1 AND #2
17
#4
(전체 : 상지 절단 <OR> 전체 : 상지 기능장애 <OR> 전체 : 상지 신경손상)
922
#5
(전체 : 발생률)
498,590
#6
#4 AND #5
302
#7
#3 OR #6
310
Table 1. Assessing risk of bias
Table 2. Characteristics of studies and upper limb amputations
Table 3. Incidence or prevalence of upper limb amputation
