Significant technical advance during the past decade have influenced the manner in which electrical stimulation may be administered to assist the functional recovery of paralyzed organ. Functional electrical stimulation (FES) is defined as the use of electrical stimulation to activate paralyzed or paretic muscles in precise sequence and intensity to assist in the performance of activities of daily living. An FES system generally consists of a control unit, stimulator unit, and electrode. The control unit determines the intensity of electrical stimulus applied to the patient through the electrodes. The stimulator unit generates the electrical stimulus. Depending on the application, FES components may be worn externally or surgically implanted. Hand neuroprosthesis system can enhance significantly the upper extremity functions of quadriplegics. Several lower extremity systems with and without bracing are being investigated for the purpose of ambulation, transfer, and standing for persons with paraplegia. Diaphragmatic pacing can be used as more physiologic artificial ventilator for high quadriplegic patient with respiratory failure. System for bladder contraction can provide catheter-free micturition for persons with supra-sacral cord injury. While there appears to be great potential for its use in a number of medical conditions, further research and clinical study is needed to truly demonstrate its clinical benefit before it gains more widespread acceptance and use.
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