Objective
To investigate the psychometric properties of the balance self-efficacy (BSE) scale in people with stroke.
Methods
This is a cross-sectional study held in a university-based rehabilitation center. Sixty- three people with stroke and 30 healthy older adults were included from the community dwelling. The people with stroke underwent the following assessments in a random order: the BSE, Fugl-Meyer Assessment of Lower Extremity (FMA-LE), muscle strength of plantar flexors and dorsiflexors, Montreal Cognitive Assessment, Berg Balance Scale, Limit of Stability (LOS), Foot and Ankle Ability Measure (FAAM), 12-Item Short Form Survey (SF-12) version 2, and Oxford Participation and Activities Questionnaire (Ox-PAQ). The healthy older adults were assessed with BSE.
Results
The BSE scale demonstrated good test-retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient= 0.796) with minimal detectable change at a 95% confidence interval of 433.74 and cut-off score of 1,225, which best differentiated between people with stroke and healthy older adults. The BSE score was significantly correlated with the FMA-LE score, muscle strength of the affected side ankle dorsiflexor and plantar flexor, LOS parameter, FAAM, SF- 12, and Ox-PAQ scores.
Conclusion
The BSE scale is a reliable clinical tool with good test-retest reliability. The BSE scores were significantly correlated with other outcome measures that assess motor functions, balance, and quality of life. It is a simple and easy-to-administer outcome measure for assessing BSE in people with stroke.

Objective
To test the feasibility and usability of an artificial intelligence (AI)-guided mobile cognitive telerehabilitation program for patients with stroke or older adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI).
Methods
Thirteen participants with cognitive impairment (Mini-Mental State Examination [MMSE] score≤26; nine with stroke and four with MCI) were enrolled in the study. Each participant was provided with an AI-guided mobile cognitive rehabilitation program (Zenicog®). Participants were instructed to complete 24 sessions within 6 weeks, and those with sufficient adherence (≥70%, 17 sessions) were included in the analysis. Cognitive assessments included the MMSE, digit span, and Trail Making Tests A & B. The usability questionnaire investigated equitable use and flexibility in use, simple and intuitive use, perceptible information, tolerance for error, low physical effort, size and space for use, overall product quality, overall satisfaction.
Results
Eleven participants completed the study, and 10 participants met adherence criteria. The MMSE score increased significantly from 24.00 [21.00, 25.75] at baseline to 27.50 [26.00, 28.75] after intervention. The overall product quality (Likert scale: 1–5) score was 4.00±0.87. The lowest score in the usability questionnaire was for tolerance for error. Female participants and participants with <12 years’ education gave lower scores for tolerance for error and equitable/ flexibility in use, respectively.
Conclusion
The AI-guided mobile cognitive telerehabilitation program is feasible and potentially beneficial for improving cognitive function in patients with stroke or older adults with MCI. Individuals who are less familiar with electronic devices require special consideration to improve their usability.

Objective
To compare the effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) on cardiovascular function, gait ability, and hematological variables in chronic stroke survivors.
Methods
Twenty-nine higher-functioning, ambulatory chronic stroke survivors were randomized to HIIT (n=15) or MICT (n=14). Participants underwent supervised training three times weekly for six weeks, consisting of 30 minutes conventional therapy followed by 40 minutes aerobic exercise (HIIT: six 1-minute high-intensity intervals at 80%–100% maximum heart rate (HRmax) with 4-minute active recovery; MICT: continuous exercise at 60%–80% HRmax). Outcomes included cardiovascular function (maximal oxygen uptake [VO2max], HRmax, walking heart rate), gait (10-Meter Walk Test, Timed Up and Go test, 6-Minute Walk Test), and lipid profiles (low-density lipoprotein, high-density lipoprotein, triglycerides).
Results
In this higher-functioning cohort (n=29), HIIT showed significantly greater improvements than MICT in VO2max (F=40.574, p=0.001), HR_max (F=24.661, p=0.001), walking heart rate (F=11.277, p=0.002), 10-Meter Walk Test (F=20.865, p=0.001), Timed Up and Go test (F=12.317, p=0.002), and 6-Minute Walk Test (F=9.742, p=0.004). Lipid profiles improved significantly within the HIIT group only (p<0.05), no between-group differences were observed.
Conclusion
In higher-functioning chronic stroke survivors, HIIT was superior to MICT for cardiovascular fitness and functional mobility under a matched exposure; lipid changes occurred within HIIT only without between-group effects. These findings support incorporating HIIT into stroke rehabilitation programs to enhance recovery outcomes.

Objective
To examine the contribution of perceived upper limb function to participation and activity among community-dwelling people with chronic stroke.
Methods
A cross-sectional study was conducted with eighty-one people with stroke aged ≥50 years. The outcome measures included the Oxford Participation and Activities Questionnaire (Ox-PAQ), Arm Activity Measure (ArmA), Wolf Motor Function Test (WMFT), Timed Up and Go Test (TUG), and Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS).
Results
Correlation analyses revealed that perceived upper limb function, as measured using the ArmA, had the strongest and most significant correlations with the levels of participation and activity, as measured using the Ox-PAQ, among all of the tested variables (rs=0.35–0.59, p<0.01). Multiple linear regression analyses also showed that perceived upper limb function significantly associated the levels of participation and activity, accounting for 2.0% to 9.0% of the variance in the Ox-PAQ scores. The final model, which included TUG time, the GDS score, the WMFT score, and the ArmA score, could explain 54% and 28% of the variance in the routine activities and social engagement subscales of the Ox-PAQ, respectively. The model including the GDS score, the WMFT score, and the ArmA score explains 32% of the variance in the emotional well-being subscale of the Ox-PAQ.
Conclusion
Perceived upper limb function is a crucial determinant of participation and activity among community-dwelling people with chronic stroke. It could thus be a target component of stroke rehabilitation interventions to facilitate participation and activity after stroke.

Citations

• Upper Limb Capacity, Performance, and Leisure Participation in Children with Unilateral Cerebral Palsy
  Manel Abid, Isabelle Poitras, Léandre Gagné-Pelletier, Carole Rigourd, Charles Sèbiyo Batcho, Catherine Mercier
  Sensors.2025; 25(23): 7120.     CrossRef

Objective
To investigate the impact of self-efficacy in using one’s upper limbs on the overall wellbeing of stroke patients, we developed the Korean version of the Confidence of Arm and Hand Movement (K-CAHM) scale by modifying the original CAHM to suit Korean cultural conditions.
Methods
This study was conducted from May 2022 to June 2023 at a rehabilitation hospital with 54 stroke patients. Participants with sufficient cognitive and verbal abilities were included, while those with severe comorbidities were excluded. For the translation and cultural adaptation of CAHM into Korean, permission was obtained from the original author. Two translators independently translated the questionnaire, followed by a consensus discussion and expert review to create K-CAHM version 1.0. After back-translation and further review, the final Korean version was completed. Reliability and validity were assessed using Cronbach’s alpha, intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), exploratory factor analysis, Bland–Altman analysis, and Pearson correlation.
Results
The K-CAHM showed good reliability (Cronbach’s alpha=0.97; ICC=0.895). Bland–Altman plot analysis showed good agreement, indicating test-retest reliability. Moreover, K-CAHM showed good concurrent validity, demonstrated by its correlation with three domains of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health: Fugl-Meyer assessment, the Jebsen-Taylor Hand Function Test, personal hygiene and bathing in the modified Barthel Index, and hand and stroke recovery domain in the Stroke Impact Scale.
Conclusion
The newly developed K-CAHM could complement other outcome measures, facilitating patient-centered rehabilitation in the Korean context.

Objective
To establish and evaluate the validity of the recently developed Korean version of the Oxford Cognitive Screen (K-OCS), this study verified its reliability, validity, and diagnostic accuracy.
Methods
Between November 2021 and December 2023, we recruited 72 patients with stroke from our hospital who agreed to participate in the study. The patients were repeatedly tested using K-OCS by the same or different assessors to estimate inter- and intra-rater reliability. To demonstrate the validity and usability of K-OCS, the test results of screening tools currently used in clinical practice, including the Korean-Mini Mental State Examination and the Korean version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment, were used in comparison analyses.
Results
The subtests of K-OCS demonstrated excellent inter-rater reliability (intra-class correlation coefficient [ICC]=0.914–0.998) and test–retest reliability (ICC=0.913–0.994). We found moderate-to-strong correlations for convergent validity for the subsets (r=0.378– 0.979, p<0.01), and low-to-moderate discriminant validity correlations. The optimal cut-offs estimated for the subtests of the K-OCS showed a good-to-high range of specificity (94.8%– 100%). The positive predictive value was 58.2%–100% and negative predictive value was 65.6%–98.4%. Sensitivity was estimated at 25.6%–86.9%.
Conclusion
The results of this study indicate that K-OCS is a reliable and valid tool for screening cognitive impairment in patients post-stroke.

Citations

• Intra- and Inter-Rater Reliability Analysis of MMSE-K and Tablet PC-Based MMSE-K Kit in Patients with Neurologic Disease
  Seung-Ho Choun, Sang-Woo Lee, Yu-Sun Min, Eunhee Park, Jee-Hyun Kim, Tae-Du Jung
  Healthcare.2025; 13(23): 3015.     CrossRef

Objective
To identify the prevalence and factors associated with T-score discordance between the spine and hip, as well as between the paretic and non-paretic hips in hemiplegic stroke patients, this study investigated bone mineral density (BMD) patterns. Bone loss predominantly affects the paretic hip after a stroke, and typical clinical assessments using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) that scan the lumbar spine (LS) and a single hip may overlook an osteoporosis diagnosis. This oversight could potentially lead to suboptimal treatment for stroke patients.
Methods
This study was a multicenter retrospective analysis of 540 patients admitted for stroke rehabilitation between October 2014 and February 2022, who underwent DXA of LS and bilateral hips.
Results
The prevalence rates of concordance, low LS discordance, and low hip discordance between the LS and hips were 48.2%, 12.2%, and 39.6%, respectively. The discordance rate between bilateral hips was 17.0%. The paretic side had significantly lower total hip T-scores than the non-paretic side (p<0.001). Notably low paretic hip discordance was more prevalent during the chronic phase. DXA scans of the LS and both hips revealed a 0.7%–0.9% higher major discordance compared to LS and single hip DXA scans. The multivariate analysis revealed a significant correlation between a low paretic hip discordance and cognitive impairment (adjusted odds ratio 0.071, 95% confidence interval 0.931–1.003, p<0.05).
Conclusion
Since stroke survivors are at high risk for hip fractures, comprehensive BMD assessments, which include LS and bilateral hips, should be considered for post-stroke osteoporosis care to enhance diagnostic accuracy and timely treatment.

Citations

• Association between bone mineral density and stroke: a meta-analysis
  Peng Zhao, Huaxia Sun
  Frontiers in Neurology.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef

Objective
To culturally adapt the original English Scale for the Assessment and Rating of Ataxia to Thai (SARA-TH) and to evaluate the reliability and validity of the SARA-TH in assessing ataxia in acute ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA) patients, as assessed by three healthcare professionals.
Methods
The SARA underwent translation and cross-cultural adaptation to Thai according to established guidelines. Reliability (e.g., internal consistency, intrarater reliability, interrater reliability) and validity (e.g., content validity, convergent validity) were assessed in a sample of 50 participants with ataxia after acute ischemic stroke or TIA. Spearman correlation analysis was used to examine the relationships between the SARA-TH and the Barthel Index (BI-TH), the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS-TH), and the International Cooperative Ataxia Rating Scale (ICARS) to assess convergent validity. Interrater and intrarater reliability among experienced and novice neurologists, physiotherapists, and occupational therapists were assessed using weighted kappa.
Results
The SARA-TH demonstrated good comprehension and exhibited no significant floor or ceiling effects. It showed excellent internal consistency (Cronbach’s α≥0.776). Significant correlations were found between the SARA-TH score and the BI-TH score (rs=-0.743 to -0.665), NIHSS- TH score (rs=0.404–0.513), and ICARS score (rs=0.859–0.917). The intrarater reliability for each rater ranged from 0.724 to 1.000 (p<0.01), and the interrater reliability varied from 0.281 to 0.927 (p<0.01).
Conclusion
The SARA-TH has excellent internal consistency, validity, and intrarater reliability, as well as acceptable interrater reliability among health professionals with varying levels of experience. It is recommended for assessing ataxia severity in individuals following acute ischemic stroke or TIA.

Objective
To construct a prognostic model for unsuccessful removal of nasogastric tube (NGT) was the aim of our study.
Methods
This study examined patients with swallowing disorders receiving NGT feeding due to stroke or traumatic brain injury in a regional hospital. Clinical data was collected, such as age, sex, body mass index (BMI), level of activities of daily living (ADLs) dependence. Additionally, gather information regarding the enhancement in Functional Oral Intake Scale (FOIS) levels and the increase in food types according to the International Dysphagia Diet Standardization Initiative (IDDSI) after one month of swallowing training. A stepwise logistic regression analysis model was employed to predict NGT removal failure using these parameters.
Results
Out of 203 patients, 53 patients (26.1%) had experienced a failed removal of NGT after six months of follow-up. The strongest predictors for failed removal were age over 60 years, underweight BMI, total dependence in ADLs, and ischemic stroke. The admission prediction model categorized patients into high, moderate, and low-risk groups for removal failure. The failure rate of NGT removal was high not only in the high-risk group but also in the moderate-risk groups when there was no improvement in FOIS levels and IDDSI food types.
Conclusion
Our predictive model categorizes patients with brain insults into risk groups for swallowing disorders, enabling advanced interventions such as percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy for high-risk patients struggling with NGT removal, while follow-up assessments using FOIS and IDDSI aid in guiding rehabilitation decisions for those at moderate risk.

Citations

• Nutrition therapy in patients with moderate to severe traumatic brain injury in the inpatient rehabilitation and subacute setting: A scoping review
  Sarah Dunthorne, Sarah Kirsanovs, Nikita Wilson-Beddoe, Marc Campbell, Sara Dowling, Miranda Green, Lee-anne Chapple, Paige Wicks
  Injury.2025; 56(12): 112844.     CrossRef

Objective
To develop a computerized visuomotor integration system for assessment and training of visual perception impairments and evaluate its safety and feasibility in patients with a stroke. Visual field defects and spatial neglect lead to substantial poststroke impairment. Most diagnostic assessments are anchored in traditional methods, and clinical effects of rehabilitation treatments are limited.
Methods
The CoTras Vision system included two evaluations and four training modules. The evaluation modules were based on the Albert’s test and Star cancellation test, and training modules were based on visual tracking, central-peripheral integration, and visuomotor perception techniques. Bland–Altman plots for agreement with the traditional paper-and-pencil test were performed, and the modified Intrinsic Motivation Inventory, Patient Satisfaction Questionnaire, and Simulator Sickness Questionnaire were conducted.
Results
Ten patients with acute stroke completed the study. Bland–Altman plots revealed good agreements for Albert’s test (mean difference, -0.3±4.5) and Star cancellation test (mean difference, 0.3±0.7). The mean±standard deviation scores of the modified Intrinsic Motivation Inventory, Patient Satisfaction Survey, and Simulator Sickness Questionnaire were 84.7±30.6, 40.5±7.9, and 34.0±34.5 respectively.
Conclusion
The CoTras Vision system is feasible and safe in patients with stroke. Most patients had a high degree of motivation to use the system and did not experience severe adverse events. Further studies are needed to confirm its usefulness in stroke patients with visual field defects and hemineglect symptoms. Furthermore, a large, well-designed, randomized controlled trial will be needed to confirm the treatment effect of the CoTras Vision system.

Citations

• Tablet computer-based cognitive training for visuomotor integration in children with developmental delay: a pilot study
  Jee Hyun Suh, Soo Jeong Han, Sun Ah Choi, Hyesung Yang, Sihyun Park
  BMC Pediatrics.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef

Objective
To generate a Korean version of the Oxford Cognitive Screen (K-OCS) and obtain cutoff scores that determine the impairment of each subdomain. Post-stroke cognitive impairment (PSCI) negatively impacts the rehabilitation process and independence in daily life. Its obscure manifestations require effective screening for appropriate rehabilitation. However, in most rehabilitation clinics, psychological evaluation tools for Alzheimer’s dementia have been used without such considerations. The OCS is a screening assessment tool for PSCI and vascular dementia that can evaluate the cognitive domains most often affected by stroke, including language, attention, memory, praxis, and numerical cognition. It comprises 10 subtasks and enables quick and effective cognitive evaluation.
Methods
The K-OCS, which considers Korea’s unique cultural and linguistic characteristics, was developed with the approval and cooperation of the original author. Enrollment of participants without disabilities was announced at Duksung Women’s University, Yongin Sevrance Hospital, CHA Bundang Medical Center. The study was conducted between September 2020 and March 2022 on 97 male and female participants aged ≥30 years.
Results
All the 97 participants completed the task. In this study, the 5th percentile score was presumed to be the cutoff value for each score, and the values are provided here. The cutoff score for each OCS subtask was similar to that of the original British version.
Conclusion
We suggest the usability of the K-OCS as a screening tool for PSCI by providing the cutoff value of each subtask.

Citations

• Quality of Assessment Tools for Aphasia: A Systematic Review
  Francescaroberta Panuccio, Giulia Rossi, Anita Di Nuzzo, Ilaria Ruotolo, Giada Cianfriglia, Rachele Simeon, Giovanni Sellitto, Anna Berardi, Giovanni Galeoto
  Brain Sciences.2025; 15(3): 271.     CrossRef
• Validation of Korean Version of the Oxford Cognitive Screen (K-OCS), a Post Stroke-Specific Cognitive Screening Tool
  Eunyoung Cho, Sungwon Choi, Nele Demeyere, Rina Kim, Ikhyun Lim, MinYoung Kim
  Annals of Rehabilitation Medicine.2025; 49(1): 5.     CrossRef
• The Oxford Cognitive Screen in culturally diverse populations: A comparative study of Suriname and Belgium
  Shonimá G. Gangaram-Panday, Hanne Huygelier, Nele Demeyere, Céline R. Gillebert
  Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society.2025; 31(9-10): 709.     CrossRef

Objective
To show the effectiveness of goal-oriented proprioceptive training in subacute stroke for balance, autonomy, and fall risk.
Methods
Out a total of 35 patients, consistent in age (75.31±8.65 years), type of stroke (ischemic, 3 to 11 weeks before), and motor impairment, 18 patients underwent solely proprioceptive rehabilitation, the other 17 dual task exercises. The study assessed autonomy using Barthel Index, fall risk with Timed Up and Go Test (TUG), balance through Berg Balance Scale (BBS) and Tinetti test.
Results
After two months, significant improvements were recorded in Barthel Index, BBS (p<0.0001), Tinetti test (p<0.0001 in dual task group, p=0.0029 in single task group), and TUG (p=0.0052 in dual task group, p=0.0020 in single task group) in both groups. Comparing the two groups, dual task group showed a significant difference in Tinetti balance assessment (p=0.0052), between the total score of Tinetti test and TUG in single (p=0.0271), and dual task (p=0.0235). Likewise, Tinetti gait test was significantly related to TUG in single (p=0.0536), and dual task (p=0.0466), while Tinetti balance test to Barthel Index (p=0.0394), BBS (p<0.0001), and TUG in single (p=0.0219), and dual task (p=0.0196). Lastly, there is a positive correlation of the use of aids with BBS (p=0.0074), and total score of Tinetti test (p=0.0160).
Conclusion
In subacute stroke, goal-oriented proprioceptive training improved balance, but only partially autonomy. Furthermore, the use of aids after dual-task exercises improved recovery of balance, but did not reduced falls.

Citations

• Interaction effect of rehabilitation initiation timing and hospitalization frequency on long-term functional outcomes after stroke in rural China: a retrospective cohort study
  Juming Liu, Luwen Zhang, Changyu Ju, Xiping Jia, Chao Zhang, Feng Wu, Tao Qin, Qianqian Sun
  Frontiers in Neurology.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Validez convergente de la escala Tinetti en pacientes con ictus en fase subaguda
  Adrián Arranz–Escudero, Patricia Martín–Casas, Ester Carpio–Calatayud, Ibai López–de–Uralde–Villanueva
  Revista Científica de la Sociedad Española de Enfermería Neurológica.2025; 62: 500168.     CrossRef
• A scoping review on the body awareness rehabilitation after stroke: are we aware of what we are unaware?
  Davide Cardile, Viviana Lo Buono, Francesco Corallo, Angelo Quartarone, Rocco Salvatore Calabrò
  Frontiers in Neurology.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Dual tasking as a predictor of falls in post-stroke: A cross-sectional analysis comparing Walking While Talking versus Stops Walking While Talking
  Disha Lamba, Abraham M. Joshua, Vijaya kumar K, Akshatha Nayak, Prasanna Mithra, Rohit Pai, Shivananda Pai, Shyam Krishnan K., Vijayakumar Palaniswamy
  F1000Research.2025; 13: 1395.     CrossRef
• Effects of Unpredictable Perturbation Training on a Split-Belt Treadmill on Physical Performance in Older Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial
  Kap-Soo Han, Myoung-Hwan Ko
  Geriatrics.2025; 10(1): 23.     CrossRef
• AdaptRehab VR: Development of an Immersive Virtual Reality System for Upper Limb Stroke Rehabilitation Designed for Low- and Middle-Income Countries Using a Participatory Co-Creation Approach
  Chala Diriba Kenea, Teklu Gemechu Abessa, Dheeraj Lamba, Bruno Bonnechère
  Bioengineering.2025; 12(6): 581.     CrossRef
• Making Sense of Proprioception by Bibliometric Research
  Kevser Sevik Kacmaz
  Brain and Behavior.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Time course for acquiring toileting independence in patients with subacute stroke: a prospective cohort study
  Shin Kitamura, Yohei Otaka, Shintaro Uehara, Yudai Murayama, Kazuki Ushizawa, Yuya Narita, Naho Nakatsukasa, Daisuke Matsuura, Rieko Osu, Kunitsugu Kondo, Sachiko Sakata
  Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine.2025; 57: jrm42390.     CrossRef
• Eye tracking-based dual task in rehabilitation of motor and cognitive function in post-stroke patients: a literature review
  Marcella Sugianto, Yuda Zhou, Jifang Qiu
  Bulletin of Faculty of Physical Therapy.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Validity and Reliability of the Berg Balance Scale in Different Tele‐Assessment Methods in Patients With Stroke
  Birol Önal, Nezire Köse, Şeyma Nur Önal, Hatice Yağmur Zengin
  Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Convergent validity of the Tinetti scale in subacute stroke patients
  Adrián Arranz-Escudero, Patricia Martín-Casas, Ester Carpio-Calatayud, Ibai López-de-Uralde-Villanueva
  Revista Científica de la Sociedad de Enfermería Neurológica (English ed.).2025; 62: 500168.     CrossRef
• Parameters of dual task walking in patients with stroke: a scoping review
  Katsuya Sakai, Yuichiro Hosoi, Yusuke Harada
  Physical Therapy Reviews.2025; 30(4): 268.     CrossRef
• Dual tasking as a predictor of falls in post-stroke: A cross-sectional analysis comparing Walking While Talking versus Stops Walking While Talking
  Disha Lamba, Abraham M. Joshua, Vijaya kumar K, Akshatha Nayak, Prasanna Mithra, Rohit Pai, Shivananda Pai, Shyam Krishnan K., Vijayakumar Palaniswamy
  F1000Research.2025; 13: 1395.     CrossRef
• A single-blind randomized trial on the efficacy of telerehabilitation in post-stroke cognitive impairment. CIPS-TER study: rationale, design and methodology
  Eleonora Barucci, Arianna Cavaliere, Eleonora Pavan, Benedetta Formelli, Francesca Cecchi, Cristina Polito, Giulia Salti, Filippo Fratini, Costanza Parenti, Francesca Pescini, Giacomo Redi, Marzia Baldereschi, Antonio Di Carlo, Emilia Salvadori, Anna Pogg
  Frontiers in Stroke.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Short-Term Effects of Rock Steady Boxing Exercise on the Balance Ability of People with Parkinson’s Disease: An Interventional Experimental Study
  Michał Staniszewski, Artur Kruszewski, Monika Lopuszanska-Dawid
  Applied Sciences.2025; 15(22): 12107.     CrossRef
• A Scoping Review of Advances in Active Below-Knee Prosthetics: Integrating Biomechanical Design, Energy Efficiency, and Neuromuscular Adaptation
  Zanodumo Godlimpi, Thanyani Pandelani
  Prosthesis.2025; 7(6): 165.     CrossRef
• Motor-cognitive analysis of dual task walking in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients: An observational study using functional near infrared spectroscopy
  Ahmed S. Hassan, Leandro Viçosa Bonetti, Manjiri Kulkarni, Dmitry Rozenberg, W. Darlene Reid, Mohammad (Md) Jobair Khan
  PLOS One.2025; 20(12): e0337647.     CrossRef
• Multidimensional Stratification of Severe Disability: Demographic, Clinical, Geographic, Socio-Economic Profiles and Healthcare Pathways in a Cross-Sectional Italian Cohort
  Rita Chiaramonte, Tamara Civello, Giuseppe Laganga Senzio, Liberato Longo, Alessandro Santo De Caro, Fabrizio Li Gotti, Michele Vecchio
  Healthcare.2025; 13(24): 3200.     CrossRef
• Using deep learning to detect upper limb compensation in individuals post-stroke using consumer-grade webcams—A feasibility study
  Tim Unger, Benjamin Kühnis, Lena Sauerzopf, Martina R. Spiess, Alexander de Spindler, Andreas R. Luft, Chris Easthope Awai, Josef G. Schönhammer, Elena Gavagnin
  Frontiers in Medicine.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Influence of taping on joint proprioception: a systematic review with between and within group meta-analysis
  Shashank Ghai, Ishan Ghai, Susanne Narciss
  BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Application of an Auditory-Based Feedback Distortion to Modify Gait Symmetry in Healthy Individuals
  Le Yu Liu, Samir Sangani, Kara K. Patterson, Joyce Fung, Anouk Lamontagne
  Brain Sciences.2024; 14(8): 798.     CrossRef
• Time-course for acquiring transfer independence in patients with subacute stroke: a prospective cohort study
  Shin Kitamura, Yohei Otaka, Shintaro Uehara, Yudai Murayama, Kazuki Ushizawa, Yuya Narita, Naho Nakatsukasa, Daisuke Matsuura, Rieko Osu, Kunitsugu Kondo, Sachiko Sakata
  Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine.2024; 56: jrm40055.     CrossRef
• Efficacy and safety of very early rehabilitation for acute ischemic stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis
  Ying Lou, Zhongshuo Liu, Yingxiao Ji, Jinming Cheng, Congying Zhao, Litao Li
  Frontiers in Neurology.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Challenges in Accessing Community-Based Rehabilitation and Long-Term Care for Older Adult Stroke Survivors and Their Caregivers: A Qualitative Study
  Sining Zeng, Min Wu, Ling Xu, Zining Guo, Shufan Chen, Keyu Ling, Haihan Li, Xiaoli Yu, Xiaoping Zhu
  Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare.2024; Volume 17: 4829.     CrossRef
• The Impact of Virtual Reality as a Rehabilitation Method Using TRAVEE System on Functional Outcomes and Disability in Stroke Patients: A Pilot Study
  Claudia-Gabriela Potcovaru, Delia Cinteză, Miruna Ioana Săndulescu, Daniela Poenaru, Ovidiu Chiriac, Cristian Lambru, Alin Moldoveanu, Ana Magdalena Anghel, Mihai Berteanu
  Biomedicines.2024; 12(11): 2450.     CrossRef
• Synergistic effects of combined motor and language interventions on stroke rehabilitation: a holistic approach
  Reihaneh Saber-Moghadam, Afsaneh Zeinalzadeh, Jamshid Jamali, Mohammad Taghi Farzadfard, Davood Sobhani-Rad
  Frontiers in Human Neuroscience.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• The importance of recovering body awareness in post-stroke rehabilitation: insights from clinical case reports
  Davide Cardile, Viviana Lo Buono, Francesco Corallo, Simona Cammaroto, Caterina Formica, Angelo Quartarone, Rocco Salvatore Calabrò
  Frontiers in Neurology.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef

Objective
To confirm that the simplified insole does not affect the gait speed and to identify objective sensor-based gait parameters that correlate strongly with existing clinical gait assessment scales.
Methods
Ten participants with gait impairment due to hemiplegic stroke were enrolled in this study. Pairs of insoles with four pressure sensors on each side were manufactured and placed in each shoe. Data were extracted during the 10-Meter Walk Test. Several sensor-derived parameters (for example stance time, heel_on-to-toe_peak time, and toe_peak pressure) were calculated and correlated with gait speed and lower extremity Fugl-Meyer (F-M) score.
Results
The insole pressure sensor did not affect gait, as indicated by a strong correlation (ρ=0.988) and high agreement (ICC=0.924) between the gait speeds with and without the insole. The parameters that correlated most strongly with highest β coefficients against the clinical measures were stance time of the non-hemiplegic leg (β=-0.87 with F-M and β=-0.95 with gait speed) and heel_on-to-toe_peak time of the non-hemiplegic leg (β=-0.86 with F-M and -0.94 with gait speed).
Conclusion
Stance time of the non-hemiparetic leg correlates most strongly with clinical measures and can be assessed using a non-obtrusive insole pressure sensor that does not affect gait function. These results suggest that an insole pressure sensor, which is applicable in a home environment, may be useful as a clinical endpoint in post-stroke gait therapy trials.

Citations

• A plantar multi-parameter stimulation-feedback quantitative modeling framework for post-stroke gait rehabilitation
  Enci Xie, Zihe Zhao, Wenyu Yang, Xuemeng Li, Liang Qi, Mengyuan Gao, Yangyue Cao, Senchao Fan, Yu Pan, Shuo Gao
  Biomedical Signal Processing and Control.2026; 116: 109461.     CrossRef
• Can wearable real-time biofeedback gait training devices improve gait speed, balance, functional mobility and activities of daily living (ADL) in individuals post-stroke? A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
  Feng-Yi Wang, Yang Xu, Laura Yu-Yan Luo, Hao-Bin Liang, Yi-Ping Jiang, Zi-Qian Bai, Mei-Zhen Huang, Arnold Yu-Lok Wong, Lin Yang, Mingming Zhang, Yong-Hong Yang, Christina Zong-Hao Ma
  Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Interplay between balance, gait kinematic and physical activity level in facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy
  Oscar Crisafulli, Stefania Sozzi, Venere Quintiero, Massimo Negro, Rossella Tupler, Stefano Ramat, Giulia Maria Stella, Micaela Schmid, Giuseppe D’Antona
  Scientific Reports.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef

Objective
To analyze the changes in muscle mass and quality with time on the paretic and non-paretic sides in subacute stroke patients and identify correlations between the variation of muscle mass and quality and lower limb functions.
Methods
Thirty hemiplegia patients diagnosed with stroke participated in this study. To evaluate poststroke muscle changes, longitudinal measurement of muscle mass and quality was conducted with bilateral lower limbs. The elastic shear modulus was measured using shear wave elastography and muscle thickness (MT) of rectus femoris, vastus intermedius, vastus lateralis (VL), vastus medialis, tibialis anterior, and gastrocnemius (GCM) muscles. Functional evaluation was performed using Berg Balance Scale (BBS), Five Times Sit to Stand Test (FTSST). Follow-up was performed at discharge. The muscle mass and quality were compared according to time. We analyzed whether muscle quantity and quality were related to function.
Results
MT demonstrated no significant change with time. The elastic shear modulus increased significantly in the paretic VL and GCM muscles and did not change significantly in the muscles on the non-paretic side. Correlation analysis detected that elastic shear modulus in the VL has a cross-sectional negative relationship between BBS and positive relationship between FTSST. There were significant correlation between variation of FTSST and the variation of the elastic shear modulus in VL.
Conclusion
Only paretic VL and GCM muscle quality changed in subacute stroke patients and muscle’s property related to lower limb functions. Therefore, the lower extremity requires an approach to muscle quality rather than quantity for subacute stroke patients.

Citations

• Effect of end-effector robot training on lower limb motor function and balance in stroke patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis
  Zejian Lou, Fuhai Wang, Difu Guan, Zhichuan Hu, Chen Wei, Xiaoquan Zhang
  Frontiers in Neurology.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Evaluating muscle characteristics and fall events: insights from real-world longitudinal data
  Shaofang Li, Juchuan Dong, Caixia Zhao, Yongmei Li, Wenyuan Wang, Lijuan An, Yongqian Han, Fuhou Zhang, Lihua Jin
  Annals of Medicine.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Association Between Electrophysiological Evaluation and Muscle Quality Changes in the Lower Limb of Subacute Stroke Patients: A Pilot Longitudinal Observational Study
  Se Jin Kim, Jeong Hwan Lee, Young Sook Park, Hyun Jung Chang, Jin Gee Park, Eun Sol Cho, Jae Yeon Kim, Dong Jin Ha
  Diagnostics.2025; 15(22): 2854.     CrossRef
• Efficacy of robot-assisted gait training on lower extremity function in subacute stroke patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis
  Miao-miao Hu, Shan Wang, Cai-qin Wu, Kun-peng Li, Zhao-hui Geng, Guo-hui Xu, Lu Dong
  Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef

Post-stroke spastic movement disorder (PS-SMD) develops in up to 40% of stroke survivors after a first ever stroke within the first year. Chronic PS-SMD is often associated with severe disabilities and complications, emphasizing the importance of its early recognition and early adequate management. Extensive research has aimed to accurately predict and sensitively detect a PS-SMD. Symptomatic therapies include conventional rehabilitation and local intramuscular injections of botulinum toxin A (BoNT-A). The latter is widely used, but primarily in the chronic phase of stroke. However, recent studies have shown the safety and efficacy of BoNT-A therapy even in the acute phase and early sub-acute phase after stroke, i.e., within three months post-stroke, leading to an improved long-term outcome in stroke rehabilitation. Local BoNT-A injections evolve as the primary approach in focal, multifocal, and segmental chronic or acute/subacute PS-SMD. Patients at high risk for or manifest PS-SMD should be identified by an early spasticity risk assessment. By doing so, PS-SMD can be integral part of the patient-centered goal-setting process of a multiprofessional spasticity-experienced team. The benefit of an early PS-SMD treatment by BoNT-A should predominate putative degenerative muscle changes due to long-term BoNT-A therapy by far. This, as early treatment effectively avoids complications typically associated with a PS-SMD, i.e., contractures, pain, skin lesions. The management of PS-SMD requires a comprehensive and multidisciplinary approach. Early assessment, patient-centered goal setting, early intervention, and early use of BoNT-A therapy prevents from PS-SMD complications and may improve rehabilitation outcome after stroke.

Citations

• How many stroke survivors develop problematic spasticity requiring pharmacological therapy? An international (Europe and USA) observational study protocol
  Richard D Zorowitz, Laura Serrano Barrenechea, Simon Butet, Sergiu Groppa, David Hernández Herrero, Rama Prasad, Susan Sandars, Seema Meloni, Simon Page, Pascal Maisonobe, Alessandro Picelli
  BMJ Open.2025; 15(1): e087404.     CrossRef
• Acupuncture waggle needling alleviates spastic movement disorder in post-stroke rats via GLT-1 activation to modulate Glu/GABA-Gln cycle
  Zhou Zhang, Liang-Xiao Ma, Jie-Dan Mu, Meng-Yu Chen, Xu Qian, Qin-Yong Zhang, Ling-Hui Ma
  Physiology & Behavior.2025; 301: 115059.     CrossRef
• Does preconditioning with serial casting prior to abobotulinumtoxinA injection improve outcomes in the rehabilitation of post-stroke wrist and finger flexor spasticity?
  Peter Kossmehl, Katrin Naupold, Ricarda Temp, Christiane Brendel, Nicole Kuhle, Jörg Wissel
  Journal of Neural Transmission.2025; 132(12): 1841.     CrossRef
• The effect of short-term treatment with botulinum toxin a on muscle stiffness in stroke patients: an exploratory study
  Jelena Simic, Kristin Østlie, Fin Biering-Sørensen , Bo Biering-Sørensen, Derek John Curtis, Arve Opheim
  Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine.2025; 57: jrm44318.     CrossRef
• Early Botulinum Toxin Type A Injection May Improve Motor Recovery in Patients with Post-Stroke Spasticity: A Secondary Analysis from a Longitudinal Cohort Study
  Alessandro Picelli, Andrea Santamato, Michela Cosma, Alessio Baricich, Carmelo Chisari, Marzia Millevolte, Cristina Del Prete, Ilenia Mazzù, Rita Di Censo, Nicola Smania, Mirko Filippetti
  Toxins.2025; 17(11): 558.     CrossRef
• The Role of Botulinum Toxin Type-A in Spasticity: Research Trends from a Bibliometric Analysis
  Salvatore Facciorusso, Stefania Spina, Alessandro Picelli, Alessio Baricich, Gerard E. Francisco, Franco Molteni, Jörg Wissel, Andrea Santamato
  Toxins.2024; 16(4): 184.     CrossRef
• Botulinum Toxin in Treatments for Abnormal Movements
  María Gabriela González Chico, Xaviera Elizabeth Medina Godoy, Miliana Esperanza Estupiñan Bazurto, María José López Becerra
  Más Vita.2024; 6(2): 82.     CrossRef
• Botulinum Toxin Type A (BoNT-A) Use for Post-Stroke Spasticity: A Multicenter Study Using Natural Language Processing and Machine Learning
  María Jesús Antón, Montserrat Molina, José Gabriel Pérez, Santiago Pina, Noemí Tapiador, Beatriz De La Calle, Mónica Martínez, Paula Ortega, María Belén Ruspaggiari, Consuelo Tudela, Marta Conejo, Pedro Leno, Marta López, Carmen Marhuenda, Carlos Arias-Ca
  Toxins.2024; 16(8): 340.     CrossRef
• Risk factors for post-stroke spasticity: a retrospective study
  Chuanxi Zhu, Lingxu Li, Long Qiu, Guangcheng Ji
  Frontiers in Neurology.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Early is Better, Then, How Early and How to Apply: Practical Approach of Botulinum Toxin Injection
  Joon-Ho Shin
  Annals of Rehabilitation Medicine.2023; 47(6): 439.     CrossRef

Objective
To translate the 22-item Longer-term Unmet Needs after Stroke (LUNS) questionnaire, validate it in the Korean stroke population, and assess the reliability of face-to-face and telephone surveys.
Methods
Sixty-six adult patients with stroke from Seoul National University Bundang Hospital and Kangwon National University Hospital were involved in the validation. Participants were interviewed twice using the LUNS Korean version: first, a face-to-face survey for validation, and second, a telephone survey for test-retest reliability. Participants completed the Frenchay Activities Index (FAI) and Short Form 12 (SF-12) Mental and Physical Component Summary (MCS and PCS) scores at the first interview. For concurrent validity, the differences in health status (FAI, SF-12 MCS and PCS) between the groups that reported unmet needs and those that did not were analyzed for each item. Cohen’s kappa and percentage of agreement between the first and second administrations were calculated for each item to determine the test-retest reliability.
Results
The average age of the participants was 61.2±12.8 years and 74.2% were male. Fifty-seven patients were involved in the second interview. Depending on the unmet needs, SF-12 MCS, PCS, and FAI were significantly different in 12 of 22 items. In the test-retest reliability test, 12 items had a kappa of 0.6 or higher, and two had a kappa of <0.4.
Conclusion
The LUNS instrument into Korean (LUNS-K) is a reliable and valid instrument for assessing unmet health needs in patients with stroke. In addition, telephone surveys can be considered reliable.

Citations

• Psychometric validation of the Chinese version of the longer-term Unmet Needs after Stroke monitoring tool for stroke patients
  Fanling Li, Chang Gao, Yan Qu, Xiaohong Hu, Yue Ma, Wenxuan Ding, Xiaomei Li, Jingjun Zhang
  Disability and Rehabilitation.2025; 47(13): 3452.     CrossRef

Objective
To investigate the relationship between the torque onset angle (TOA) of the isokinetic test for knee extensors in the paretic side and walking related balance in subacute stroke patients.
Methods
We retrospectively reviewed patients with first-ever strokes who have had at least two isokinetic tests within 6 months of onset. 102 patients satisfied the inclusion criteria. The characteristics of walking related balance were measured with the Berg Balance Scale sub-score (sBBS), Timed Up and Go test (TUG), 10-m Walk Test (10MWT) and Functional Independence Measure sub-score (sFIM). The second isokinetic test values of the knee extensor such as peak torque, peak torque to weight ratio, hamstring/quadriceps ratio, TOA, torque stop angle, torque at 30 degrees, and peak torque asymmetry ratio between paretic and non-paretic limb were also taken into account. Pearson’s correlation, simple regression and multiple regression analysis were used to analyze the correlation between TOA and walking related balance.
Results
TOA of the knee extensor of the paretic limb showed significant correlations with BBS, sBBS, TUG, 10MWT, and sFIM according to Pearson’s correlation analysis. TOA also had moderate to good correlations with walking related balance parameters in partial correlation analysis. In multiple regression analysis, TOA of the paretic knee extensor was significantly associated with walking related balance parameters.
Conclusion
This study demonstrated that TOA of the paretic knee extensor is a predictable parameter of walking related balance. Moreover, we suggest that the ability to recruit muscle quickly is important in walking related balance.

Citations

• Using HD-EMG to Assess Motor Units in Vastus Lateralis With the Lokomat: A Pilot Study With Young, Elderly and Individuals Post-Stroke
  G. Corvini, M. Lorusso, N. L. Tagliamonte, M. Masciullo, M. Molinari, G. Scivoletto, F. Tamburella, J. C. Moreno
  IEEE Transactions on Medical Robotics and Bionics.2025; 7(4): 1693.     CrossRef

Objective
To determine correlations of alternation motor rate (AMR), sequential motor rate (SMR), and maximum phonation time (MPT) with the severity of dysphagia in subacute stroke patients.
Methods
This was a retrospective chart review study. Data of 171 subacute stroke patients were analyzed. Patient’s AMR, SMR, and MPT data were collected from their language evaluations. Video fluoroscopic swallowing study (VFSS) was done. Data of dysphagia scales including penetration-aspiration scale (PAS), American Speech-Language-Hearing Association National Outcomes Measurement System (ASHA-NOMS) scale, clinical dysphagia scale (CDS), and videofluoroscopic dysphagia scale (VDS) were obtained. AMR, SMR, and MPT were compared between a non-aspirator group and an aspirator group. Correlations of AMR, SMR, and MPT with dysphagia scales were analyzed.
Results
AMR ("ka"), SMR, and modified Rankin Scale were significant associated factors between non-aspirator group and aspirator group, while AMR ("pa"), AMR ("ta"), and MPT were not. AMR, SMR, and MPT showed significant correlations with PAS score, ASHA-NOMS scale, CDS, VDS oral, and VDS pharyngeal scores. The cut-off value for distinguishing non-aspirator group and aspiration group was 18.5 for AMR ("ka") (sensitivity of 74.4%, specificity of 70.8%) and 7.5 for SMR (sensitivity of 89.9%, specificity of 61.0%). AMR and SMR were significantly lower in before-swallow aspiration group.
Conclusion
Articulatory diadochokinetic tasks that can be easily performed at the bedside would be particularly helpful in determining the oral feeding possibility of subacute stroke patients who cannot undergo VFSS, which is the gold standard for dysphagia assessment.

Citations

• Interpretable machine learning for accessible dysphagia screening and staging in older adults
  Yinuo Dai, Jianzheng Cai, Zhina Gong, Chunyan Niu, Weixia Yu, Haifang Wang, Yingying Zhang
  iScience.2026; 29(1): 114451.     CrossRef
• Application of B+M-Mode Ultrasound in Evaluating Dysphagia in Elderly Stroke Patients
  Jiaying Shuai, Linping Pian, Li Tian, Linying Wang, Miaomiao Deng, Chen Cheng
  Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology.2025; 51(2): 273.     CrossRef
• Laryngeal and swallowing characteristics in elderly after stroke: a preliminary study
  Jonan Emi Valencia Cardenas, Cris Magna dos Santos Oliveira, Raquel Rodrigues Rosa, Gabriele Ramos de Luccas, Claudia Tiemi Mituuti, Kelly Cristina Alves Silverio, Alcione Ghedini Brasolotto, Giédre Berretin-Felix
  Audiology - Communication Research.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Características laríngeas e de deglutição em idosos pós-acidente vascular encefálico: um estudo preliminar
  Jonan Emi Valencia Cardenas, Cris Magna dos Santos Oliveira, Raquel Rodrigues Rosa, Gabriele Ramos de Luccas, Claudia Tiemi Mituuti, Kelly Cristina Alves Silverio, Alcione Ghedini Brasolotto, Giédre Berretin-Felix
  Audiology - Communication Research.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Head and Neck Muscle Activity in Post‐Stroke Dysphagia Patients: Muscle Dynamics and Implications for Rehabilitation
  Yingying Zhang, Mingyuan Wu, Weixia Yu, Yinuo Dai, Zhina Gong, Chunyan Niu, Jianzheng Cai
  Journal of Oral Rehabilitation.2025; 52(12): 2379.     CrossRef
• Development of a non-contact screening approach for identifying oral function high-risk older adults using jaw movement and diadochokinetic performance
  Chen-Fu Hung, Min Hsu, Hsiu-Yueh Liu, Mong-Fong Horng, Chia-Chi Yang, Lan-Yuen Guo
  BMC Oral Health.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Comparative analysis of speech assessment tools for individuals with dysarthria in Chile and worldwide
  Marcela Sanhueza-Garrido, Virginia García-Flores, Carlos Rojas-Zepeda, Jaime Crisosto-Alarcón
  Salud, Ciencia y Tecnología.2024; 4: 626.     CrossRef
• Rehabilitation of Patients with Post-Stroke Dysarthria in the Russia and Abroad: a Literature Review
  Olga V. Loginova, Daria I. Bovtyuk
  Bulletin of Rehabilitation Medicine.2023; 22(6): 100.     CrossRef

Objective
To measure muscle activity before and after robot-assisted gait training (RAGT) in patients with stroke and examine the differences in muscle activity changes compared with conventional gait training (CGT).
Methods
Thirty patients with stroke (RAGT group, n=17; CGT group, n=13) participated in the study. All patients underwent RAGT using a footpad locomotion interface or CGT for 20 minutes for a total of 20 sessions. Outcome measures were lower-limb muscle activity and gait speed. Measurements were performed before the start of the intervention and after the end of the 4-week intervention.
Results
The RAGT group showed increased muscle activity in the gastrocnemius, whereas the CGT group showed high muscle activity in the rectus femoris. In the terminal stance of the gait cycle, the gastrocnemius, the increase in muscle activity was significantly higher in the RAGT group than in the CGT group.
Conclusion
The results suggest that RAGT with end-effector type is more effective than CGT to increase the gastrocnemius muscle activity.

Citations

• Effect of end-effector robot training on lower limb motor function and balance in stroke patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis
  Zejian Lou, Fuhai Wang, Difu Guan, Zhichuan Hu, Chen Wei, Xiaoquan Zhang
  Frontiers in Neurology.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Effect and optimal exercise prescription of robot-assisted gait training on lower extremity motor function in stroke patients: a network meta-analysis
  Haiping Huang, Xinyi Su, Beisi Zheng, Manting Cao, Yuqian Zhang, Jianer Chen
  Neurological Sciences.2025; 46(3): 1151.     CrossRef
• Efficacy of robot-assisted gait training on lower extremity function in subacute stroke patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis
  Miao-miao Hu, Shan Wang, Cai-qin Wu, Kun-peng Li, Zhao-hui Geng, Guo-hui Xu, Lu Dong
  Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef

Objective
To evaluate the feasibility and usability of cost-effective complex upper and lower limb robot-assisted gait training in patients with stroke using the GTR-A, a foot-plate based end-effector type robotic device.
Methods
Patients with subacute stroke (n=9) were included in this study. The enrolled patients received 30-minute robot-assisted gait training thrice a week for 2 weeks (6 sessions). The hand grip strength, functional ambulation categories, modified Barthel index, muscle strength test sum score, Berg Balance Scale, Timed Up and Go Test, and Short Physical Performance Battery were used as functional assessments. The heart rate was measured to evaluate cardiorespiratory fitness. A structured questionnaire was used to evaluate the usability of robot-assisted gait training. All the parameters were evaluated before and after the robot-assisted gait training program.
Results
Eight patients completed robot-assisted gait training, and all parameters of functional assessment significantly improved between baseline and posttraining, except for hand grip strength and muscle strength test score. The mean scores for each domain of the questionnaire were as follows: safety, 4.40±0.35; effects, 4.23±0.31; efficiency, 4.22±0.77; and satisfaction, 4.41±0.25.
Conclusion
Thus, the GTR-A is a feasible and safe robotic device for patients with gait impairment after stroke, resulting in improvement of ambulatory function and performance of activities of daily living with endurance training. Further research including various diseases and larger sample groups is necessary to verify the utility of this device.

Citations

• Effect of Progressive Speed Increase Versus Constant Speed in Robot-Assisted Gait Training on Balance and Gait Ability in Chronic Stroke: A Randomized Controlled Trial
  Dong-Yun Bae, Soo-Yong Kim, Jong-Chul Jung, Min-Chull Park
  NeuroRehabilitation.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Changes in body composition, physical fitness and quality of life on robotic gait assisted training in patients with Guillain-Barré Syndrome: a case report
  Moon Jin Lee, Sung Jin Yoon
  Physical Activity and Nutrition.2024; 28(4): 009.     CrossRef
• Smart Devices for Health and Wellness Applied to Tele-Exercise: An Overview of New Trends and Technologies Such as IoT and AI
  Antonio Fabbrizio, Alberto Fucarino, Manuela Cantoia, Andrea De Giorgio, Nuno D. Garrido, Enzo Iuliano, Victor Machado Reis, Martina Sausa, José Vilaça-Alves, Giovanna Zimatore, Carlo Baldari, Filippo Macaluso
  Healthcare.2023; 11(12): 1805.     CrossRef

Objective
To investigate the relationship between Trunk Impairment Scale (TIS) and lumbar spine bone mineral density (BMD) in subacute stroke patients.
Methods
Twenty-three subacute male stroke patients under the age of 65 were prospectively enrolled to exclude both postmenopausal and senile effects on BMD. The TIS, Berg Balance Scale, the Korean version of the Modified Barthel Index, and manual muscle test were measured at admission and 3 months after stroke onset. BMD of the bilateral lower extremities and lumbar vertebrae was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry 3 months after stroke onset.
Results
TIS at baseline (TIS_B) and TIS at 3 months after stroke (TIS_3m) showed significant correlations with lumbar BMD (TIS_B, r=0.522; TIS_3m, r=0.517). Through multiple regression analysis, the TIS_B was associated with lumbar BMD (adjusted R2=0.474). However, BMD of the bilateral lower extremities was not correlated with any clinical measurements except body mass index.
Conclusion
We found a relationship between TIS_B and lumbar BMD in subacute young male stroke patients. Stroke patients with poor trunk control in the early subacute stage would have low BMD of vertebral bones at 3 months. The TIS can be useful for estimating bone fragility in the lumbar vertebrae of subacute stroke patients.

Citations

• Effects of shoulder brace usage on postural stability in stroke survivors: A pilot randomized controlled trial
  Giovanni Morone, Alessandro Antonio Princi, Marco Iosa, Rebecca Montemurro, Irene Ciancarelli, Paola Coiro, Danilo Lisi, Riccardo Savo, Matteo Notturno Granieri, Domenico De Angelis, Marco Tramontano
  NeuroRehabilitation.2024; 54(3): 449.     CrossRef

Objective
To investigate the effect of 6 weeks of home-based boxing training on trunk performance, balance, fear of falling, and level of therapy enjoyment in individuals with chronic stroke.
Methods
Eighteen participants with chronic stroke were randomly divided into boxing and control groups (9 patients per group). The boxing group received home-based boxing training for 25 minutes plus balance and trunk exercise training for 15 minutes, while the control group received only home-based balance and trunk exercise training for 40 minutes, three days a week for 6 weeks. The Trunk Impairment Scale (TIS), Mini-Balance Evaluation Systems Test (Mini-BESTest), Activities-specific Balance Confidence (ABC) scale, and Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES) were assessed at baseline, and at 2, 4, and 6 weeks post-training. The Wilcoxon signed rank test and Mann–Whitney U-test were used to determine differences between pre- and post-training within and between groups. Statistical significance was set at p<0.05.
Results
The TIS scores significantly increased from 13 to 17 points in the boxing group (p<0.05) compared to an increase from 15 to 17 points in the control group (p<0.05). The Mini-BESTest scores significantly increased from 14 to 22 points in the boxing group (p<0.05) compared to an increase from 17 to 20 points in the control group (p<0.05). There were no differences in the TIS, Mini-BESTest, ABC, and PACES scores between the two groups.
Conclusion
Home-based boxing training with balance and trunk exercise training had a similar training effect compared to home-based balance and trunk exercise training.

Citations

• Therapeutic Intervention for Trunk Control Impairments in Central Nervous System Disorders: A Comprehensive Review of Methods and Efficacy
  Hiroaki Yamashita, Tatsuya Yamaoka, Ryota Shimomura, Sachimori Ichimura, Yuuki Murata, Akihiro Itoh, Tatsuya Mima, Satoko Koganemaru
  Progress in Rehabilitation Medicine.2025; 10: n/a.     CrossRef
• Effects of Taekwondo intervention on balance ability: A meta-analysis and systematic review
  Zhengfa Han, Hanyu Ju, Artur Kruszewski
  PLOS ONE.2025; 20(2): e0317844.     CrossRef
• Effects of unsupervised walking on walk performance and functional mobility in individuals with chronic stroke: a blind randomized clinical trial
  Ronaldo Rodrigues Borges, André Pontes-Silva, Sara Andrade Rodrigues, Túlio Luiz Banja Fernandes, Claudio de Oliveira Assumpção, Almir Vieira Dibai-Filho, Cristiano Teixeira Mostarda, Augusto Ribeiro de Oliveira, Christian Emmanuel Torres Cabido
  Sao Paulo Medical Journal.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Exploring Unsupervised Home-Based Exercise Therapy in Chronic Post-Stroke Individuals: A Scoping Review
  Noémie C Duclos, Pierre Barat, Stéphanie Goncalves, Eric Sorita, Karim Jamal
  NeuroRehabilitation.2025; 57(4): 423.     CrossRef
• Home-Based Gait Interventions for Adults with Stroke: A Scoping Review
  Brianne Darcy, Kyle B. Reed, Stacy J.M. Bamberg, Donal Murray, Joyce Maring
  Archives of Rehabilitation Research and Clinical Translation.2025; 7(4): 100527.     CrossRef
• Interactive Cognitive Motor Training: A Promising Approach for Sustainable Improvement of Balance in Older Adults
  Longhai Zhang, Jiawei Guo, Jing Zhang, Ling Zhang, Yanbing Li, Shutong Yang, Wenfei Zhu, Fei Guo
  Sustainability.2023; 15(18): 13407.     CrossRef

Objective
To investigate the effect of low frequency cerebellar repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) on balance impairment in patients with cerebral infarction.
Methods
Thirty-two patients were randomly divided into two groups: rTMS group (n=16) and control (n=16). In the rTMS group, treatment was performed five times per week for 2 weeks (10 sessions), and in the control group, a sham coil was used with the sound and sensation of scalp similar to the rTMS coil. Patients in both groups underwent a conventional rehabilitation program. Berg Balance Scale (BBS) was used as the primary outcome measurement. Timed Up and Go test (TUG), 10-m walk test (10mWT), and Activity-specific Balance Confidence scale (ABC) were used as the secondary outcome measurement. All scales were measured at baseline (T0), after 10 sessions of rTMS (T1), and at 4 weeks after treatment completion (T2) by therapists with over 5 years of clinical experience.
Results
There were significant improvements between T0 and T1, and between T0 and T2, for all assessed items in the rTMS group. Whereas there were significant improvements between T0 and T1, and between T0 and T2, for the BBS and 10mWT in the control group. TUG (-4.87±5.05 vs. -0.50±2.97 seconds) and ABC score (8.10±8.33 vs. 0.16±0.97) were observed significant differences in comparison of the changes from T0 to T1 between the two group. BBS score (4.40±3.66 vs. 1.88±3.14), TUG (-4.87±4.56 vs. -0.62±2.96 seconds) and ABC score (8.22±7.70 vs. -0.09±0.86) differed significantly from T0 to T2 between the two groups.
Conclusion
Our findings suggest that low-frequency cerebellar rTMS is helpful for improving balance in patients with cerebral infarction, and maybe a beneficial treatment for these patients.

Citations

• Can cerebellar noninvasive brain stimulation improve lower limb function in stroke? Evidence from meta-analyses based on ICF
  Xiaolong Yang, Lei Cao, Linlin Ye, Tiantian Zhang, Yi Shan, Lin Hua, Jin Xu, Weiqun Song, Jie Lu
  Disability and Rehabilitation.2026; : 1.     CrossRef
• Differential Effect of M1 and Cerebellar Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation on Balance Performance in Stroke
  Vyoma Parikh, Ann Medley, Jodi Thomas, Hui‐Ting Goh
  European Journal of Neuroscience.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Exploring cerebellar transcranial magnetic stimulation in post-stroke limb dysfunction rehabilitation: a narrative review
  Zhan Wang, Likai Wang, Fei Gao, Yongli Dai, Chunqiao Liu, Jingyi Wu, Mengchun Wang, Qinjie Yan, Yaning Chen, Chengbin Wang, Litong Wang
  Frontiers in Neuroscience.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Effects of cerebellar repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on stroke rehabilitation: A systematic review and meta-analysis
  Xin Wang, Guilan Huang, Daoran Wang, Lu Sun, Haobo Leng, Kai Zheng, Xinlei Xu, Guofu Zhang, Caili Ren
  Brain Research Bulletin.2025; 225: 111341.     CrossRef
• Effects of Cerebellar Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation on the Motor Function of Patients With Stroke: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis
  Yongxin Zhu, Juncong Yang, Kun Wang, Xianwen Li, Jiahui Ling, Xie Wu, Lianhui Fu, Qi Qi
  Brain and Behavior.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Effects of cerebellar non-invasive brain stimulation on balance and gait performance in individuals with stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis
  Jiaxin JIANG, Yawen CHEN, Florence S. FAN, Qiang GAO, Brenton HORDACRE, Margaret K. MAK, Meizhen HUANG
  European Journal of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation over the supplementary motor area on balance and postural control in stroke patients: a randomized controlled trial
  Hanhong Jiang, Wangqingyuan Wang, Saiqing Ye, Huiyan Song, Qiang Gao
  Topics in Stroke Rehabilitation.2025; : 1.     CrossRef
• Efficacy of Cerebellar Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Post-stroke Balance and Limb Motor Function Impairments: Meta-analyses of Random Controlled Trials and Resting-State fMRI Studies
  Yuheng Zeng, Zujuan Ye, Wanxin Zheng, Jue Wang
  The Cerebellum.2024; 23(4): 1678.     CrossRef
• Cerebellar transcranial magnetic stimulation for improving balance capacity and activity of daily living in stroke patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis
  Jingfeng Wang, Zhisheng Wu, Shanshan Hong, Honghong Ye, Yi Zhang, Qiuxiang Lin, Zehuang Chen, Liling Zheng, Jiawei Qin
  BMC Neurology.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Effects of Cerebellar Non-Invasive Stimulation on Neurorehabilitation in Stroke Patients: An Updated Systematic Review
  Qi Liu, Yang Liu, Yumei Zhang
  Biomedicines.2024; 12(6): 1348.     CrossRef
• Bilateral Cerebellar Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Chronic Ataxia After Hemorrhagic Stroke: a Case Report
  Evan Hy Einstein, Juliana Corlier, Cole Matthews, Doan Ngo, Michael K. Leuchter, Cole Citrenbaum, Nikita Vince-Cruz, Bhavna Ramesh, Aaron Slan, Scott A. Wilke, Nathaniel Ginder, Thomas Strouse, Andrew F. Leuchter
  The Cerebellum.2023; 23(3): 1254.     CrossRef

Objective
To characterize the repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) induced changes in angiogenic mechanisms across different brain regions.
Methods
Seventy-nine adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to a middle cerebral artery occlusion (day 0) and then treated with 1-Hz, 20-Hz, or sham stimulation of their lesioned hemispheres for 2 weeks. The stimulation intensity was set to 100% of the motor threshold. The neurological function was assessed on days 3, 10, and 17. The infarct volume and angiogenesis were measured by histology, immunohistochemistry, Western blot, and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays. Brain tissue was harvested from the ischemic core (IC), ischemic border zone (BZ), and contralateral homologous cortex (CH).
Results
Optical density of angiopoietin1 and synaptophysin in the IC was significantly greater in the low-frequency group than in the sham group (p=0.03 and p=0.03, respectively). The 1-Hz rTMS significantly increased the level of Akt phosphorylation in the BZ (p<0.05 vs. 20 Hz). Endothelial nitric oxide synthase phosphorylation was increased in the IC (p<0.05 vs. 20 Hz), BZ (p<0.05 vs. 20 Hz), and CH (p<0.05 vs. 20 Hz and p<0.05 vs. sham). Real-time PCR demonstrated that low-frequency stimulation significantly increased the transcriptional activity of the TIE2 gene in the IC (p<0.05).
Conclusion
Low-frequency rTMS of the ipsilesional hemisphere in the early subacute phase of stroke promotes the expression of angiogenic factors and related genes in the brain, particularly in the injured area.

Citations

• Evaluation of magnetic stimulation as a non-invasive technique in treating different causes of erectile dysfunction: a prospective cohort study
  Hasan El-Fakahany, Haythem Bassyouni, Sameh Fayek GamalEl Din, Mahmoud H. A. Montaser
  Basic and Clinical Andrology.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Novel emerging therapy for erectile dysfunction: efficacy and safety of flat magnetic stimulation
  Daniel Galimberti, Agustina Vila Echague, Ery A. Ko, Laura Pieri, Alessandra Comito, Irene Fusco, Tiziano Zingoni
  Archivio Italiano di Urologia e Andrologia.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Determining the Optimal Stimulation Sessions for TMS-Induced Recovery of Upper Extremity Motor Function Post Stroke: A Randomized Controlled Trial
  Yichen Lv, Jack Jiaqi Zhang, Kui Wang, Leilei Ju, Hongying Zhang, Yuehan Zhao, Yao Pan, Jianwei Gong, Xin Wang, Kenneth N. K. Fong
  Brain Sciences.2023; 13(12): 1662.     CrossRef

Objective
To evaluate the efficacy and safety of Daewoong botulinum toxin type A (NABOTA) after its launch in South Korea.
Methods
This prospective, multicenter, open-label phase IV clinical trial included 222 patients with stroke. All patients visited the clinic at baseline and at weeks 4, 8, and 12 after injection of upto 360 units of NABOTA into the wrist, elbow, and finger flexor muscles at the first visit. The primary outcome was the change in Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS) score for the wrist flexor muscles between baseline and week 4. The secondary outcomes were the changes in MAS, Disability Assessment Scale (DAS), and Caregiver Burden Scale (CBS) scores between baseline and each visit, and the Global Assessment Scale (GAS) score at week 12.
Results
There was a statistically significant decrease in the MAS score for the wrist flexors between baseline and week 4 (-0.97±0.66, p<0.001). Compared with baseline, the MAS, DAS and CBS scores improved significantly during the study period. The GAS was rated as very good or good by 86.8% of physicians and by 60.0% of patients (or caregivers). The incidence of adverse events was 14.4%, which is smaller than that in a previous trial.
Conclusion
NABOTA showed considerable efficacy and safety in the management of upper limb spasticity in stroke patients.

Objective
To investigate the effect of antigravity treadmill gait training (AGT) on gait function, balance, and fall risk in stroke patients.
Methods
This study included 30 patients with stroke (mean age, 73 years). All subjects were randomly divided into two groups. The intervention group (n=15) performed AGT for 20 minutes, five times per week for 4 weeks. The control group (n=15) received conventional gait training for the same duration. To assess fall risk, the Tinetti Performance-Oriented Mobility Assessment (POMA) was measured. The Berg Balance Scale (BBS), Timed Up and Go test (TUG), and 10-m walk test (10mWT) were measured to assess dynamic balance. All scales were measured before intervention (T0) and at 4 weeks (T1) and 12 weeks (T2) after intervention.
Results
Results showed that the total POMA score, BBS, and 10mWT scores improved significantly (p<0.05) at T1 and T2 in both groups. The POMA gait score (4.20±1.37 at T1, 4.87±1.36 at T2) and TUG (4.52±4.30 at T1, 5.73±4.97 at T2) significantly improved (p<0.05) only in the intervention group. The changes in total POMA score and BBS of the intervention group (7.20±2.37, 7.47±3.07) improved more significantly (p<0.05) between T0 and T2 than the control group (2.53±2.10, 2.87±2.53).
Conclusion
Our study showed that AGT enhances dynamic balance and gait speed and effectively lowers fall risk in stroke patients. Compared to conventional gait therapy, AGT would improve gait function and balance in stroke patients more effectively.

Citations

• Reporting of Adverse Events in Studies Involving Treadmill Gait Training After Stroke: A Systematic Review
  Jesimiel Missias de Souza, Daiane Carla Rodrigues Cardoso, Stephano Tomaz da Silva, Josicleide Araújo de Azevedo, Samara Katiane Rolim de Oliveira, Lorenna Raquel Dantas de Macedo Borges, Larissa Araújo Gomes, Maria Amanda Ferreira Quirino, Tatiana Souza
  NeuroRehabilitation: An International, Interdisciplinary Journal.2025; 56(3): 274.     CrossRef
• Effectiveness of Anti-Gravity Treadmill Exercise After Total Knee Arthroplasty: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial
  Elina Jääskeläinen, Mikko Manninen, Heikki Hurri, Mikko Rantasalo, Yun Zhou, Hannu Kautiainen, Leena Ristolainen
  JMIR Research Protocols.2025; 14: e59935.     CrossRef
• Falls Prevention in Older Adults with Cardiovascular Disease: Systematic Review
  Rita Mofirra, Estela São Martinho, Nuno Casanova, Miguel Peralta, Joana Serpa, Vanessa Santos, Fábio Flôres, Priscila Marconcin
  Activities, Adaptation & Aging.2025; 49(4): 632.     CrossRef
• Anti-gravity treadmill training benefits the post-operative rehabilitation of ACL reconstruction and the effects on the muscular atrophy and balance ability: a cohort study and 1y follow-up
  Bing-Xian Ma, Yan-Song Qi, Zi-Heng Zhang, Ye Tian
  Frontiers in Sports and Active Living.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
• The application of antigravity treadmill training to clinical rehabilitation: A systematic review and meta-analysis
  Jie Hao, Zixuan Yao, Andréas Remis, Na Ye, Yuxiao Sun, Dongqi Zhu, Kangchao Wu, Yao Yao
  Gait & Posture.2025; 122: 300.     CrossRef
• Optimizing Rehabilitation Outcomes for Stroke Survivors: The Impact of Speed and Slope Adjustments in Anti-Gravity Treadmill Training
  Jung-Ho Lee, Eun-Ja Kim
  Medicina.2024; 60(4): 542.     CrossRef
• Increased trailing limb angle in hemiplegic patients after training with a knee orthosis: A randomized controlled trial
  Shun Ito, Hiroaki Abe, Toru Okanuka, Kosuke Nanka, Takuma Nagasawa, Kazuto Oki, Yoshimi Suzukamo, Shin-Ichi Izumi
  NeuroRehabilitation.2024; 54(3): 485.     CrossRef
• General Treatments Promoting Independent Living in Parkinson’s Patients and Physical Therapy Approaches for Improving Gait—A Comprehensive Review
  Dae-Hwan Lee, Bong-Sik Woo, Yong-Hwa Park, Jung-Ho Lee
  Medicina.2024; 60(5): 711.     CrossRef
• Effect of water-based exercise with or without external buoyancy devices in influencing balance improvement in stroke: scoping review
  Ribka Theresia, Farid Rahman
  Fizjoterapia Polska.2024; 24(3): 350.     CrossRef
• Simulating space walking: a systematic review on anti-gravity technology in neurorehabilitation
  Mirjam Bonanno, Maria Grazia Maggio, Angelo Quartarone, Alessandro Marco De Nunzio, Rocco Salvatore Calabrò
  Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• The Safety and Feasibility of Lower Body Positive Pressure Treadmill Training in Individuals with Chronic Stroke: An Exploratory Study
  Sattam M. Almutairi, Moodhi M. Alfouzan, Taghreed S. Almutairi, Hatem A. Alkaabi, Misoon T. AlMulaifi, Marzouq K. Almutairi, Faisal K. Alhuthaifi, Chad Swank
  Brain Sciences.2023; 13(2): 166.     CrossRef
• The Effectiveness of Lower-Body Positive Pressure Treadmill Gait Training on Mobility Function and Quality of Life in Individuals with Chronic Stroke: Prospective Cohort Study
  Sattam Almutairi
  Middle East Journal of Rehabilitation and Health Studies.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
• A robotic treadmill system to mimic overground walking training with body weight support
  Jongbum Kim, Seunghue Oh, Yongjin Jo, James Hyungsup Moon, Jonghyun Kim
  Frontiers in Neurorobotics.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Lower body positive pressure treadmill gait training for neurological patients: a systematic review
  Sattam M. Almutairi
  Bulletin of Faculty of Physical Therapy.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef

Objective
To develop an objective and quantitative clinical evaluation tool that can be used for diagnosis and severity assessment of dysarthria in patients with stroke.
Methods
A prototype test comprising 23 items was developed to test the function of each speech organ. The scoring of the prototype test was based on the analysis of the result values obtained from 50 healthy individuals. The test was performed for 50 patients with stroke who were suspected to have dysarthria. For evaluating the correlation between each prototype test item and the Urimal Test of Articulation and Phonation (U-TAP), the odds ratio was obtained for each result, based on which the final test items for composing the Korea Dysarthria Test (KDT) were selected. The validity of the test was evaluated using the receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve and the area under the curve. We used the intraclass correlation coefficients to quantify inter- and intra-rater reliability. The Spearman correlation coefficient was used for examining the correlation between the KDT and the Speech Mechanism Screening Test and U-TAP.
Results
Among the 23 prototype test items, 16 exhibiting significant results were finally selected as the KDT. The higher score of the KDT is reflected the better speaking function. The sensitivity and specificity of the KDT were shown to be high at the cutoff value of 76.50 point.
Conclusion
KDT is a useful evaluation tool for dysarthria, showing a significant correlation with SMST and U-TAP.

Citations

• Correlation Between Articulatory Diadochokinetic Parameters and Dysphagia Parameters in Subacute Stroke Patients
  Back Min Oh, Hyun Seok, Sang-Hyun Kim, Seung Yeol Lee, Su Jung Park, Beom Jin Kim, Hyun Jung Kim
  Annals of Rehabilitation Medicine.2023; 47(3): 192.     CrossRef
• Destruction of Vowel Space Area in Patients with Dysphagia after Stroke
  Min Kyu Choi, Seung Don Yoo, Eo Jin Park
  International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2022; 19(20): 13301.     CrossRef

With rapid aging, the number of stroke survivors with disabilities in Korea is increasing even if mortality is declining. Despite coordinated efforts for quality improvement of stroke rehabilitation in Korea, the statistics of stroke rehabilitation were not well reported. This review aimed to provide contemporary and comprehensive statistics and recent changes in stroke rehabilitation in Korea. The Clinical Practice Guideline for Stroke Rehabilitation in Korea was developed in 2009 and updated in 2012 and 2016. Additionally, the representative databases for stroke rehabilitation include the Korean Brain Rehabilitation Database and the Korean Stroke Cohort for functioning and rehabilitation. These nationwide databases provided current information on stroke rehabilitation. Among Korean stroke survivors, one in three had motor impairment, one in four had cognitive impairment, one in three had speech impairment, one in four was dependent in ambulation, one in six had swallowing difficulty, and one in four was dependent in activities in daily living at 5 years after stroke. Comprehensive inpatient rehabilitation following transfer to the department of rehabilitation medicine significantly decreased stroke-related mortality and long-term disability. This review provides an improved understanding of stroke rehabilitation and guidance to implement timely, coordinated, evidence-based stroke rehabilitation services to relieve the socioeconomic burden of stroke.

Citations

• Post-acute care systems for stroke rehabilitation in Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan
  Yeh-Kai Liao, Tae-Woo Kim, Toyoko Asami, Der-Sheng Han, Huey-Wen Liang
  Journal of the Formosan Medical Association.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Longitudinal Comparison of Health-Related Quality of Life at 3 and 12 Months Post-Stroke Using Patient-Reported Outcome Measures
  Hojin Ju, Won Kee Chang, Hee-Mun Cho, Hyo Jong Kim, Miji Kang, Yun-Sun Jung, Nam-Jong Paik, Won-Seok Kim
  Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases.2026; : 108559.     CrossRef
• Elevated risk of end-stage kidney disease in stroke patients: A population-based observational study
  Sohyun Chun, Kyungdo Han, Bongseong Kim, Dagyeong Lee, In Young Cho, Hea Lim Choi, Jun Hee Park, Junseok Jeon, Hye Ryoun Jang, Dong Wook Shin
  International Journal of Stroke.2025; 20(4): 461.     CrossRef
• Age-Period-Cohort analysis and 2036 projections of the burden of ischemic stroke in Finland, Korea, Singapore and China, 1990–2021
  Jiayue Zhang, Bowei Zhao, Kai Wang, Lijing Zhao, Zhongxin Xu
  Frontiers in Neurology.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
• A qualitative exploration of acute stroke patients’ experiences with aphasia in Korea
  Jiyeon Kang, Hyunyoung Heo
  Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2025; 55(4): 621.     CrossRef
• Two stroke education programs designed for older adults
  Jeongha Sim, Chanam Shin
  Geriatric Nursing.2024; 55: 105.     CrossRef
• Changes in dementia treatment patterns associated with changes in the National Policy in South Korea among patients with newly diagnosed Alzheimer’s disease between 2011 and 2017: results from the multicenter, retrospective CAPTAIN study
  Young Jin Kim, Ki-Youn So, Hyo Min Lee, Changtae Hahn, Seung-Hoon Song, Yong-Seok Lee, Sang Woo Kim, Heui Cheun Park, Jaehyung Ryu, Jung Seok Lee, Min Ju Kang, JinRan Kim, Yoona Lee, Jun Hong Lee
  BMC Public Health.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Health-Related Quality of Life of Post-Stroke Patients in a Public Hospital
  Mijung Jang, Heedong Park, Miyoung Kim, Galam Kang, Hayan Shin, Donghyun Shin, KyooSang Kim
  Brain & Neurorehabilitation.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Predictors of Burden for First-Ever Stroke Survivor’s Long-Term Caregivers: A Study of KOSCO
  Jin-Won Lee, Min Kyun Sohn, Jongmin Lee, Deog Young Kim, Yong-Il Shin, Gyung-Jae Oh, Yang-Soo Lee, Min Cheol Joo, So Young Lee, Junhee Han, Jeonghoon Ahn, Yun-Hee Kim, Min-Keun Song, Won Hyuk Chang
  Medicina.2024; 60(4): 559.     CrossRef
• Association between the Thickness or Area of the Temporal Muscle and Skeletal Muscle Mass in Bioimpedance Analysis
  Jee Myung Han, Du Hwan Kim, Byung Chan Lee
  Gerontology.2024; 70(8): 823.     CrossRef
• Association between Height and Functional Outcomes of Patients 6 Months after a Stroke: A Multicenter Prospective Observational Cohort Study
  Nae Yoon Kang, Sung-Hwa Ko, Yong-Il Shin, Ji Hong Min, Mi Sook Yun, Min Kyun Sohn, Jongmin Lee, Deog Young Kim, Gyung-Jae Oh, Yang Soo Lee, Min Cheol Joo, So Young Lee, Min-Keun Song, Junhee Han, Jeonghoon Ahn, Yun-Hee Kim, Won Hyuk Chang
  Journal of Personalized Medicine.2024; 14(6): 610.     CrossRef
• Impact of Interprofessional Collaborative Practice on Functional Improvements Among Post-Acute Stroke Survivors: A Retrospective Cross-Sectional Study
  Tsen-Pei Chen, Ying-Jia Lin, Yu-Lin Wang, Li-Min Wu, Chung-Han Ho
  Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare.2024; Volume 17: 3945.     CrossRef
• Association Between Frequency of Rehabilitation Therapy and Long-Term Mortality After Stroke: A Nationwide Cohort Study
  Je Shik Nam, Seok-Jae Heo, Yong Wook Kim, Sang Chul Lee, Seung Nam Yang, Seo Yeon Yoon
  Stroke.2024; 55(9): 2274.     CrossRef
• Functional Recovery in Acute and Subacute Stroke Patients With or Without Post-stroke Fatigue
  Juwon Lee, Gowun Kim
  Brain & Neurorehabilitation.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• The Safety and Efficacy of Balance Training on Stroke Patients With Reduced Balance Ability: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
  Yong Wook Kim, Seo Yeon Yoon
  Brain & Neurorehabilitation.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Discordance Between Spine-Hip and Paretic-Nonparetic Hip Bone Mineral Density in Hemiplegic Stroke Patients: A Multicenter Retrospective Study
  Seung Don Yoo, Tae-Woo Kim, Byung-Mo Oh, Seung Ah Lee, Chanwoo Kim, Ho Yeon Chung, Jung Eun Son, Ji Yeon Lee, Hyunji Lee, Hoo Young Lee
  Annals of Rehabilitation Medicine.2024; 48(6): 413.     CrossRef
• Geographic Distribution of Central Nervous System Rehabilitation Treatment in Korea and Its Associated Factors
  Dong-Gyun Sohn, Jaehong Yoon, Jun-Soo Ro, Ja-Ho Leigh
  Journal of Korean Medical Science.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Response to Letter to the Editor on “Chronic Phase Survival Rate in Stroke Patients With Severe Functional Limitations According to the Frequency of Rehabilitation Treatment”
  Dougho Park, Hyoung Seop Kim
  Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation.2023; 104(7): 1157.     CrossRef
• Over- and under-supply of inpatient rehabilitation after stroke without a post-acute rehabilitation system: a nationwide retrospective cohort study
  Suk Won Bae, Junhyun Kwon, Hyung-Ik Shin
  Frontiers in Neurology.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Poststroke rehabilitation using repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation during pregnancy: A case report
  Joongho JO, Hyojong KIM
  World Journal of Clinical Cases.2023; 11(19): 4707.     CrossRef
• Predictors of quality of life at 6 months in patients with mild stroke: A prospective observational cohort study
  Mu Su Kim, Ji Hong Min, Yong-Il Shin, Min Kyun Sohn, Jongmin Lee, Deog Young Kim, Gyung-Jae Oh, Yang Soo Lee, Min Cheol Joo, So Young Lee, Min-Keun Song, Junhee Han, Jeonghoon Ahn, Yun-Hee Kim, Sung-Hwa Ko, Won Hyuk Chang
  Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases.2023; 32(10): 107302.     CrossRef
• Risk Factors and Prognosis of Stroke in Gynecologic Cancer Patients
  Ji Young Kwon, Kena Park, Jeong Min Song, Seung Yeon Pyeon, Seon Hwa Lee, Young Shin Chung, Jong-Min Lee
  Cancers.2023; 15(19): 4895.     CrossRef
• A Comparative Analysis of Functional Status and Mobility in Stroke Patients with and without Aphasia
  Zbigniew Guzek, Wioletta Dziubek, Małgorzata Stefańska, Joanna Kowalska
  Journal of Clinical Medicine.2022; 11(12): 3478.     CrossRef
• Efficacy and Safety of Botulinum Toxin Type A (NABOTA) for Post-stroke Upper Extremity Spasticity: A Multicenter Phase IV Trial
  Wonjae Hwang, Seong Min Kang, Sang Yoon Lee, Han Gil Seo, Yoon Ghil Park, Bum Sun Kwon, Kwang Jae Lee, Deog Young Kim, Hyoung Seop Kim, Shi-Uk Lee
  Annals of Rehabilitation Medicine.2022; 46(4): 163.     CrossRef

Objective
To investigate the relationship between maximal tongue protrusion length (MTPL) and dysphagia in post-stroke patients.
Methods
Free tongue length (FTL) was measured using the quick tongue-tie assessment tool and MTPL was measured using a transparent plastic ruler in 47 post-stroke patients. The MTPL-to-FTL (RMF) ratio was calculated. Swallowing function in all patients was evaluated via videofluoroscopic swallowing study (VFSS), PenetrationAspiration Scale (PAS), Functional Oral Intake Scale (FOIS), and Videofluoroscopic Dysphagia Scale (VDS).
Results
The MTPL and RMF values were significantly higher in the non-aspirator group than in the aspirator group (MTPL, p=0.0049; RMF, p<0.001). MTPL and RMF showed significant correlations with PAS, FOIS and VDS scores. The cut-off value in RMF for the prediction of aspiration was 1.56, with a sensitivity of 84% and a specificity of 86%.
Conclusion
There is a relationship between MTPL and dysphagia in post-stroke patients. MTPL and RMF can be useful for detecting aspiration in post-stroke patients.

Citations

• Inter-rater and Intra-rater Reliability of the Videofluoroscopic Dysphagia Scale with the Standardized Protocol
  Ingi Min, Hyeonseong Woo, Jae Yoon Kim, Tae-Lim Kim, Yookyung Lee, Won Kee Chang, Se Hee Jung, Woo Hyung Lee, Byung-Mo Oh, Tai Ryoon Han, Han Gil Seo
  Dysphagia.2024; 39(1): 43.     CrossRef
• Tongue diagnostic parameters-based diagnostic signature in coronary artery disease patients with clopidogrel resistance after percutaneous coronary intervention
  Bo Liang, Rui Li, Jia Lu, Xiao-Jie Tian, Ning Gu
  EXPLORE.2023; 19(4): 528.     CrossRef
• Correlation Between Articulatory Diadochokinetic Parameters and Dysphagia Parameters in Subacute Stroke Patients
  Back Min Oh, Hyun Seok, Sang-Hyun Kim, Seung Yeol Lee, Su Jung Park, Beom Jin Kim, Hyun Jung Kim
  Annals of Rehabilitation Medicine.2023; 47(3): 192.     CrossRef

Objective
To investigate long-term and serial functional outcomes in ischemic stroke patients without diabetes with post-stroke hyperglycemia.
Methods
The Korean Stroke Cohort for Functioning and Rehabilitation (KOSCO) is a large, multi-center, prospective cohort study of stroke patients admitted to participating hospitals in nine areas of Korea. From KOSCO, ischemic stroke patients without diabetes were recruited and divided into two groups: patients without diabetes without (n=779) and with post-stroke hyperglycemia (n=223). Post-stroke hyperglycemia was defined as a glucose level >8 mmol/L. Functional assessments were performed 7 days and 3, 6, and 12 months after stroke onset.
Results
There were no significant differences in baseline characteristics between the groups, except in the age of onset and smoking. Analysis of the linear correlation between the initial National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score and glucose level showed no significant difference. Among our functional assessments, NIHSS, Fugl-Meyer Assessment (affected side), Functional Ambulatory Category, modified Rankin Scale, and Korean Mini-Mental State Examination (K-MMSE) showed statistically significant improvements in each group. All functional improvements except K-MMSE were significantly higher in patients without post-stroke hyperglycemia at 7 days and 3, 6, and 12 months.
Conclusion
The glucose level of ischemic stroke patients without diabetes had no significant correlation with the initial NIHSS score. The long-term effects of stress hyperglycemia showed worse functional outcomes in ischemic stroke patients without diabetes with post-stroke hyperglycemia.

Citations

• Stroke and associated comorbidities in Southeast Asian countries
  Aishika Datta, Soumya Akundi, Kaveri Wagh, Gangadhar Bhurle, Deepaneeta Sarmah, Arvind Sharma, Sudhir Shah, Anupom Borah, Shailendra Saraf, Pallab Bhattacharya
  Neuroprotection.2025; 3(1): 29.     CrossRef
• Stroke in the Patient With Type 2 Diabetes
  Terri W. Jerkins, David S.H. Bell
  Endocrine Practice.2025; 31(4): 547.     CrossRef
• Autonomic dysfunction after stroke: an overview of recent clinical evidence and perspectives on therapeutic management
  Anush Barkhudaryan, Wolfram Doehner, Nadja Jauert
  Clinical Autonomic Research.2025; 35(4): 553.     CrossRef
• Stress Hyperglycemia as a Prognostic Indicator of the Clinical Outcomes in Patients with Stroke: A Comprehensive Literature Review
  Majed Mohammad Alabdali, Abdulrahim Saleh Alrasheed, Fatimah Ahmed Alghirash, Taif Mansour Almaqboul, Ali Alhashim, Danah Tareq Aljaafari, Mustafa Ahmed Alqarni
  Biomedicines.2025; 13(8): 1834.     CrossRef
• Neuroprotective Effects of SELFormer‐Selected β‐Citronellol and β‐Caryophyllene in Vagotomized Ischemic Stroke Model Through Direct Brain Protection and Gut Microbiota Modulation
  Yu Yue, Chen Li, Ting Zhang, Sunmin Park
  BioFactors.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
• A comparative analysis of the cholesterol–high-density lipoprotein–glucose index and the triglyceride–glucose index in predicting in-hospital mortality in critically ill ischemic stroke patients
  Huang Luwen, Li Linlin, Yu Ming, Xu Lei
  Frontiers in Neurology.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Impact of Stress‐Induced Hyperglycemia on In‐Hospital Medical Complications in Patients With Acute Stroke: From a Large‐Scale Nationwide Longitudinal Registry
  Xintong Song, Yi Ju, Hongqiu Gu, Zhikai Zhu, Zixiao Li, Qian Zhang, Xingquan Zhao
  Annals of Clinical and Translational Neurology.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Association of stroke with possible sarcopenic obesity and the modified effect from healthy lifestyle: a cross-sectional study based on CHARLS
  Jinhui Song, Danchan Lu, Li Zhang, Yong Wang, Yanfei Wu, Shuchang Zhong
  BMC Public Health.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
• High Glucose Aggravates Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion via Truncated NLRP3‐Mediated Hexokinase‐2 Translocation
  Hengchang Zhang, Ruoyi Guo, Xiang Li, Yang Zhang, Lujun Zhou, Junjie Wang, Yudi Huang, Zengqiang Yuan, Lijuan Song, Yajin Liao
  CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Serum Lipid Profiles as Predictors of Hemorrhagic Transformation After Thrombolysis in Acute Cerebral Infarction: A Prospective Study
  Dongxia Cheng, Huawen Fu, Ziqi Zhou, Xiaofeng Li
  Current Neurovascular Research.2025; 22(3): 215.     CrossRef
• Stress hyperglycemia increases short-term mortality in acute ischemic stroke patients after mechanical thrombectomy
  Bing Yang, Xuefang Chen, Fangze Li, Junrun Zhang, Dawei Dong, Huiyue Ou, Longyan Lu, Niu He, Xiaohong Xu, Xiufeng Xin, Jingchong Lu, Min Guan, Hongyu Qiao, Anding Xu, Huili Zhu
  Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Implications of fasting plasma glucose variability on the risk of incident peripheral artery disease in a population without diabetes: a nationwide population-based cohort study
  Hye Soo Chung, Soon Young Hwang, Jung A. Kim, Eun Roh, Hye Jin Yoo, Sei Hyun Baik, Nan Hee Kim, Ji A. Seo, Sin Gon Kim, Nam Hoon Kim, Kyung Mook Choi
  Cardiovascular Diabetology.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
• The Role of Nondiabetic Hyperglycemia in Critically Ill Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke
  Hung-Sheng Shih, Wei-Sheng Wang, Li-Yu Yang, Shu-Hao Chang, Po-Huang Chen, Hong-Jie Jhou
  Journal of Clinical Medicine.2022; 11(17): 5116.     CrossRef
• A Path to Precision Medicine: Incorporating Blood-Based Biomarkers in Stroke Rehabilitation
  Byung-Mo Oh
  Annals of Rehabilitation Medicine.2021; 45(5): 341.     CrossRef

Objective
To systematically translate the Fugl-Meyer Assessment (FMA) into a Korean version of the FMA (K-FMA).
Methods
We translated the original FMA into the Korean version with three translators and a translation committee, which included physiatrists, physical therapists, and occupational therapists. Based on a test-retest method, each of 31 patients with stroke was assessed by two evaluators twice, once on recruitment, and again after a week. Analysis of intra- and inter-rater reliabilities was performed using the intra-class correlation coefficient, whereas validity was analysed using Pearson correlation test along with the Motricity Index (MI), Motor Assessment Scale (MAS), and Berg Balance Scale (BBS).
Results
The intra- and inter-rater reliabilities were significant for the total score, and good to excellent reliability was noted in all domains except for the joint range of motion of the lower extremity domain of the K-FMA. The MI and MAS scores were significantly correlated with all domains, all with p<0.01. The results for the MI ranged from r=0.639 to r=0.891 and those for the MAS from r=0.339 to r=0.555. However, the BBS was not significantly correlated with any domain, as the K-FMA lacks balance evaluation items.
Conclusion
The K-FMA was found to have high reliability and validity. Additionally, the newly developed manual for the K-FMA may help minimise errors that can occur during evaluation and improve the reliability of motor function evaluation.

Citations

• Efficacy of brain-computer interface training with motor imagery-contingent feedback in improving upper limb function and neuroplasticity among persons with chronic stroke: a double-blinded, parallel-group, randomized controlled trial
  Myeong Sun Kim, Hyunju Park, Ilho Kwon, Kwang-Ok An, Hayeon Kim, Gyulee Park, Wooseok Hyung, Chang-Hwan Im, Joon-Ho Shin
  Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Additional Effects of Facilitatory Cerebellar Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation on Inhibitory Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation over the Unaffected Contralesional Primary Motor Cortex for Motor Recovery in Subacute Ischemic Stroke Pa
  Sungwon Kim, Ho Seok Lee, Heegoo Kim, Dae Hyun Kim, Won Hyuk Chang
  Journal of Clinical Medicine.2025; 14(7): 2315.     CrossRef
• Korean Version of the Confidence of Arm and Hand Movement Scale and Its Psychometric Properties
  Hanna Kim, Yeajin Ham, Joon-Ho Shin
  Annals of Rehabilitation Medicine.2025; 49(2): 104.     CrossRef
• The Czech Fugl–Meyer assessment for post-stroke sensorimotor function: translation and cross-cultural adaptation and validation
  Barbora Kolářová, Petra Gaul-Aláčová, Nicole Musilová, Anna Majerová, Margit Alt Murphy
  Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine.2025; 57: jrm43010.     CrossRef
• Prediction of the functional outcome of intensive inpatient rehabilitation after stroke using machine learning methods
  Silvia Campagnini, Alessandro Sodero, Marco Baccini, Bahia Hakiki, Antonello Grippo, Claudio Macchi, Andrea Mannini, Francesca Cecchi
  Scientific Reports.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Fugl-Meyer Assessment for upper extremity in stroke: A pyschometric systematic review
  Pablo de Blas-Zamorano, Pedro Montagut-Martínez, David Pérez-Cruzado, Jose-Antonio Merchan-Baeza
  Journal of Hand Therapy.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Translation, cross-cultural adaptation, and clinimetric evaluation of the lower extremity Fugl-Meyer assessment (FMA-LE) in Persian speaking stroke patients
  Zahra Hassani, Elham Loni, Markus Melloh, Hamid Reza Mokhtarinia
  Topics in Stroke Rehabilitation.2025; : 1.     CrossRef
• Medicine in novel technology and devices quantitative study and evaluation of ankle joint motor-cognitive dual-task post-stroke using eye-tracking technology
  Yutong Feng, Hongbei Meng, Zihe Zhao, Xiaomeng Wang, Xiaoxue Zhai, Yansong Hu, Guanyu Wang, Bo Peng, Wenyu Yang, Xuemeng Li, Wenxin Tao, Shuo Gao, Yu Pan
  Medicine in Novel Technology and Devices.2025; 27: 100387.     CrossRef
• Cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the japanese translation of the Fugl-Meyer Assessment for upper and lower extremity sensorimotor function after stroke
  Yukitaka Tomoda, Toru Nagao, Tomoko Uchida, Hiroki Sato, Masatoshi Oonishi, Takayuki Okamoto, Maya Tajitsu, Margit Alt Murphy
  Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine.2025; 57: jrm43350.     CrossRef
• Resistive versus active assisted robotic training for the upper limb after a stroke: A randomized controlled study
  Sun Young Jeon, Myung Ki, Joon-Ho Shin
  Annals of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine.2024; 67(1): 101789.     CrossRef
• Validity and reliability of selective control of upper extremity scale (SCUES) in patients with chronic stroke
  Didem Boz Sönmez, Esra Giray, Arzu Atıcı, Özge Gülsüm Illeez, Pınar Akpınar, Feyza Ünlü Özkan, Ilknur Aktaş
  Disability and Rehabilitation.2024; 46(20): 4813.     CrossRef
• Rehabilitative effects of Baduanjin in Chinese stroke patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis
  Xi Cheng, Yanling Gao, Xiaofeng Chen, Jinhua Lu, Qingyue Dai, Jinghui Lai
  Preventive Medicine Reports.2024; 41: 102703.     CrossRef
• Effect of Hwanggigyejiomul-tang on Postoperative Breast Cancer-related Lymphedema (BCRL): A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
  Yeong-seo Lee, Ye-seul Kim, Young-kyun Kim, Kyoung-min Kim
  The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine.2024; 45(1): 31.     CrossRef
• Effects of high-intensity interval robot-assisted gait training on cardiopulmonary function and walking ability in chronic stroke survivors: A multicenter single-blind randomized controlled trial
  Junghwa Do, Woo-Taek Lim, Dae Yul Kim, Eun Jae Ko, Myoung-Hwan Ko, Geon Woo Kim, Ji Hye Kim, SooBin Kim, Hwal Kim
  Journal of Back and Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation.2024; 37(5): 1309.     CrossRef
• No Additional Effects of Sequential Facilitatory Cerebral and Cerebellar rTMS in Subacute Stroke Patients
  Ho Seok Lee, Sungwon Kim, Heegoo Kim, Seung-min Baik, Dae Hyun Kim, Won Hyuk Chang
  Journal of Personalized Medicine.2024; 14(7): 687.     CrossRef
• Effectiveness of mixed reality-based rehabilitation on hands and fingers by individual finger-movement tracking in patients with stroke
  Yeajin Ham, Dong-Seok Yang, Younggeun Choi, Joon-Ho Shin
  Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Research trends and hotspots of post-stroke upper limb dysfunction: a bibliometric and visualization analysis
  Qingqing Tang, Xinyue Yang, Mengmeng Sun, Min He, Ren Sa, Kaiqiang Zhang, Bing Zhu, Tie Li
  Frontiers in Neurology.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Protocol for a single-blind randomized controlled clinical trial to investigate the feasibility and safety of in-bed self-exercises based on electromyography sensor feedback in patients with subacute stroke
  Jung Hyun Kim, Byung-Mo Oh, Han Gil Seo, Sung Eun Hyun, Jong tae Han, Dae hee Kang, Woo Hyung Lee, Mehrnaz Kajbafvala
  PLOS ONE.2024; 19(12): e0310178.     CrossRef
• Efficiency and usability of a modified pegboard incorporating computerized technology for upper limb rehabilitation in patients with stroke
  Yeajin Ham, Joon-Ho Shin
  Topics in Stroke Rehabilitation.2023; 30(4): 333.     CrossRef
• Intra- and inter-rater reliability of the Italian Fugl-Meyer assessment of upper and lower extremity
  Ines Hochleitner, Leonardo Pellicciari, Chiara Castagnoli, Anita Paperini, Angela Maria Politi, Silvia Campagnini, Silvia Pancani, Benedetta Basagni, Filippo Gerli, Maria Chiara Carrozza, Claudio Macchi, Margit Alt Murphy, Francesca Cecchi
  Disability and Rehabilitation.2023; 45(18): 2989.     CrossRef
• Correlation of the Fugl Meyer assessment, Motricity Index and Barthel Index scales in the assessment of rehabilitation in post-stroke patients
  Duong Thi Huong Nguyen, Dieu Thuong Thi Trinh
  MedPharmRes.2023; 7(4): 1.     CrossRef
• Motor and cognitive function according to level of physical activity in stroke patients
  Jeong Ja Kim, Jong Won Lee
  The Journal of Korean Academy of Physical Therapy Science.2023; 30(4): 29.     CrossRef
• Urdu translation and cross-cultural validation of the Fugl-Meyer assessment in people with stroke
  Mehwish Ikram, Syed Shakil ur Rehman, Katharina S. Sunnerhagen, Margit Alt Murphy
  Disability and Rehabilitation.2022; 44(25): 8048.     CrossRef
• Assessment of Lower Limb Motor Function, Ambulation, and Balance After Stroke
  Yeun Jie Yoo, Seong Hoon Lim
  Brain & Neurorehabilitation.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Assessment of Upper Extremity Function in People With Stroke Based on the Framework of the ICF: A Narrative Review
  Hanna Kim, Joon-Ho Shin
  Brain & Neurorehabilitation.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
• European evidence-based recommendations for clinical assessment of upper limb in neurorehabilitation (CAULIN): data synthesis from systematic reviews, clinical practice guidelines and expert consensus
  Gerdienke B. Prange-Lasonder, Margit Alt Murphy, Ilse Lamers, Ann-Marie Hughes, Jaap H. Buurke, Peter Feys, Thierry Keller, Verena Klamroth-Marganska, Ina M. Tarkka, Annick Timmermans, Jane H. Burridge
  Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation.2021;[Epub]     CrossRef

Objective
To investigate the clinical factors associated with successful gastrostomy tube weaning in patients with prolonged dysphagia after stroke.
Methods
This study involved a retrospective medical chart review of patients diagnosed with prolonged dysphagia after stroke who underwent gastrostomy tube insertion between May 2013 and January 2020. Forty-seven patients were enrolled and consequently divided into gastrostomy tube sustaining and weaning groups. The numbers of patients in the sustaining and weaning groups were 31 and 16, respectively. The patients’ demographic data, Korean version of Mini-Mental State Examination (K-MMSE) score, Korean version of the Modified Barthel Index (K-MBI), Functional Dysphagia Scale (FDS) score, and Penetration-Aspiration Scale (PAS) score were compared between the two groups. A videofluoroscopic swallowing study was performed before making the decision of gastrostomy tube weaning. The clinical factors associated with gastrostomy tube weaning were then investigated.
Results
There were significant differences in age; history of aspiration pneumonia; K-MMSE, FDS, and PAS scores; and K-MBI between the groups. In the multiple logistic regression analysis, the FDS (odds ratio [OR]=0.791; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.634–0.987) and PAS scores (OR=0.205; 95% CI, 0.059–0.718) were associated with successful gastrostomy tube weaning. In the receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, the FDS and PAS were useful screening tools for successful weaning, with areas under the curve of 0.911 and 0.918, respectively.
Conclusion
In patients with prolonged dysphagia, the FDS and PAS scores are the only factors associated with successful gastrostomy tube weaning. An evaluation of the swallowing function is necessary before deciding to initiate gastrostomy tube weaning.

Citations

• Predictors of complete oral feeding resumption after feeding tube placement in patients with stroke and dysphagia: A systematic review
  Yijing Li, Zhihua Xu, Xu Zhang, Dongfei Ma, Xiangfei Meng, Mengting Zhang, Jiao Sun
  Journal of Clinical Nursing.2023; 32(11-12): 2533.     CrossRef
• “Timing of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tube placement in post-stroke patients does not impact mortality, complications, or outcomes”: Commentary
  Jonathan Willman, Brandon Lucke-Wold
  World Journal of Gastrointestinal Pharmacology and Therapeutics.2023; 14(1): 1.     CrossRef
• Association between successful weaning from nasogastric tube feeding and thoracic muscle mass in patients with aspiration pneumonia
  Hyun Woo Lee, Dong Hyun Kim, Kwang Nam Jin, Hyo-Jin Lee, Jung-Kyu Lee, Tae Yeon Park, Deog Kyeom Kim, Eun Young Heo
  Medicine.2023; 102(30): e34298.     CrossRef
• Assessment and treatment of neurogenic dysphagia in stroke and Parkinson's disease
  Giuseppe Cosentino, Massimiliano Todisco, Carla Giudice, Cristina Tassorelli, Enrico Alfonsi
  Current Opinion in Neurology.2022; 35(6): 741.     CrossRef

Objective
To discuss the association between the length of stay at the intensive care unit (ICU) and sarcopenia among hemiplegic stroke patients.
Methods
This study evaluated 66 hemiplegic stroke patients with history of ICU admission using handgrip strength and bioelectrical impedance analysis to obtain height-adjusted appendicular skeletal muscle mass. The diagnosis of sarcopenia was made according to the muscle mass based on the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia. The patients were divided into sarcopenic and non-sarcopenic groups. The two groups were statistically analyzed, and the significant factors with differences were studied. A multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to examine the association between length of stay in the ICU and sarcopenia, after adjusting for potential confounders.
Results
Among 66 hemiplegic patients with an ICU admission history, 12 patients were diagnosed with sarcopenia. Sarcopenia patients showed lower scores on the Korean version of the Modified Barthel Index and the Korean version of the Mini-Mental State Examination. Additionally, patients with sarcopenia had a longer length of stay in the ICU, and univariate and multivariate analyses confirmed that the ICU length of stay was significantly related to sarcopenia (adjusted odds ratio=1.187; 95% confidence interval, 1.019–1.382; p=0.028).
Conclusion
The length of stay in the ICU was significantly associated with sarcopenia in hemiplegic stroke patients.

Citations

• Usefulness of body composition assessment by bioelectrical impedance vector analysis in subacute post-stroke patients in rehabilitation
  Alessandro Guerrini, Mariacristina Siotto, Carola Cocco, Marco Germanotta, Valeria Cipollini, Laura Cortellini, Arianna Pavan, Stefania Lattanzi, Sabina Insalaco, Yeganeh Manon Khazrai, Irene Giovanna Aprile
  Scientific Reports.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
• HANDGRIP STRENGTH AND DASH EATING BEHAVIOR IS RELATED TO HIGHER BLOOD PRESSURE ON PRE-ELDERLY AND ELDERLY IN YOGYAKARTA
  Adhila Fayasari, Anis Febri Nilansari, Margala Juang Bertorio
  Media Gizi Indonesia.2025; 20(2): 135.     CrossRef
• Effects of Leucine Supplementation in Older Adults with Sarcopenia: A Meta-Analysis
  Chienhsiu Huang, Min-Hong Hsieh
  Nutrients.2025; 17(15): 2413.     CrossRef
• Indirect calorimetry directed feeding and cycling in the older ICU population: a pilot randomised controlled trial
  Ng Shu Hui Elizabeth, Tan Yanni, Leong Siaw May, Tiong Hui Fen, Li Xuanhui Janice, Kwan Peijun, Ong Sze Pheng, Toh Shi Jie, Loh Ne Hooi Will
  BMC Anesthesiology.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Effects of Brunnstrom movement therapy versus mirror therapy on hand function in post-stroke hemiplegic population
  Nimra, Ayesha Zulifiqar, Muhammad Umair Javaid, Reham Ali Mohamed Ali Ahmed
  Journal of Musculoskeletal Surgery and Research.2024; 8: 389.     CrossRef
• Association between handgrip strength and small airway disease in patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
  Thanapon Keawon, Narongkorn Saiphoklang
  Therapeutic Advances in Respiratory Disease.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Trunk Impairment Scale for Predicting Lumbar Spine Bone Mineral Density in Young Male Patients With Subacute Stroke
  Yeon Hee Cho, Hyun Seok, Sang-Hyun Kim, Seung Yeol Lee, Hyun Jung Kim
  Annals of Rehabilitation Medicine.2023; 47(2): 98.     CrossRef
• Accuracy of Calf Circumference Measurement, SARC-F Questionnaire, and Ishii's Score for Screening Stroke-Related Sarcopenia
  Ruihong Yao, Liqing Yao, Changli Yuan, Bu-Lang Gao
  Frontiers in Neurology.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Natural aging course of lumbar extensor muscle mass and strength in community-dwelling older women: a 1-year prospective observational study
  Dong Hyun Kim, Jinhee Park, Chang Won Lee, Sang Yoon Lee
  Aging Clinical and Experimental Research.2022; 34(9): 2099.     CrossRef
• Prognostic Value of Isolated Sarcopenia or Malnutrition–Sarcopenia Syndrome for Clinical Outcomes in Hospitalized Patients
  Iasmin Matias Sousa, Camila Ferri Burgel, Flávia Moraes Silva, Ana Paula Trussardi Fayh
  Nutrients.2022; 14(11): 2207.     CrossRef
• Effects of leucine-rich protein supplements in older adults with sarcopenia: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
  Sang Yoon Lee, Hyun Jeong Lee, Jae-Young Lim
  Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics.2022; 102: 104758.     CrossRef
• Relationship between Nutritional Status, Food Consumption and Sarcopenia in Post-Stroke Rehabilitation: Preliminary Data
  Mariacristina Siotto, Marco Germanotta, Alessandro Guerrini, Simona Pascali, Valeria Cipollini, Laura Cortellini, Elisabetta Ruco, Yeganeh Manon Khazrai, Laura De Gara, Irene Aprile
  Nutrients.2022; 14(22): 4825.     CrossRef
• Handgrip Strength: An Irreplaceable Indicator of Muscle Function
  Sang Yoon Lee
  Annals of Rehabilitation Medicine.2021; 45(3): 167.     CrossRef

Objective
To compare the efficacy of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on upper limb function recovery among patients who recently had stroke.
Methods
Subjects with recent stroke (within 1 month) were randomized to rTMS (n=25) and tDCS (n=26) applied over the non-lesioned hemisphere for three sessions per week, followed by tailored upper limb rehabilitation training for a total of 2 weeks. The primary outcomes were changes in the Motor Assessment Scale (MAS), Fugl-Meyer arm score test, Nine-Hole Peg Test (9HPT), hand grip strength, and modified Barthel Index at weeks 2 and 4. Both therapists responsible for training and assessment were blinded to the intervention allocated.
Results
There was an improvement in all the motor performance scales among both groups (p<0.001). These improvements persisted at discharge. However, there was no significant difference in any of the assessment scales between the two groups. The rTMS group showed a statistically non-significant greater improvement in MAS, 9HPT, and handgrip strength than the tDCS group.
Conclusion
Both interventions produce a statistically significant improvement in upper limb function. There was no statistically significant difference between the two intervention methods with respect to motor performance. It is suggested that a larger study may help to clarify the superiority of either methods.

Citations

• A protocol to optimize non-invasive brain stimulation for post-stroke rehabilitation
  Ayesha Juhi, Manul Das, Dinesh Bhatia, Suman Dhaka, Rajesh Kumar, Deepak Kumar, Shreya Sharma, Pritam Kumar Chaudhary, Chanchal Goyal, Md Asif Khan, Himel Mondal
  MethodsX.2025; 14: 103209.     CrossRef
• Comparison of the efficacy of different protocols of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation and transcranial direct current stimulation on motor function, activities of daily living, and neurological function in patients with early stroke: a systema
  Xueyi Ni, Zinan Yuan, Ruimou Xie, Xiaoxue Zhai, Xiang Cheng, Yu Pan
  Neurological Sciences.2025; 46(6): 2479.     CrossRef
• A Multi-Electrode Transcranial Direct Current Stimulator (ME-tDCS): Design considerations and safety aspects
  Cassandra Solomons, Vivekanandan Shanmugasundaram, Sivasakthi Murugan Velayutham
  Heliyon.2025; 11(7): e43039.     CrossRef
• Functional outcome of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in spastic paretic upper limb after ultrasonography-guided botulinum toxin injection in patients with stroke
  Rehab G. Taha, Mohamed M. Abdelkader, AbdEl-Raoof O. Abd El-Baky, Enas M. Hassan, Wael T. Soliman
  The Egyptian Journal of Neurology, Psychiatry and Neurosurgery.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Effects of Combining Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation with Virtual Reality on Upper Limb Function in Patients with Stroke: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
  Auwal Abdullahi, Thomson W. L. Wong, Shamay S. M. Ng
  Bioengineering.2025; 12(11): 1205.     CrossRef
• Non-invasive brain stimulation for functional recovery in animal models of stroke: A systematic review
  Antonio Rodríguez, Laura Amaya-Pascasio, María Gutiérrez-Fernández, José García-Pinteño, Margarita Moreno, Patricia Martínez-Sánchez
  Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews.2024; 156: 105485.     CrossRef
• The Application of tDCS to Treat Pain and Psychocognitive Symptoms in Cancer Patients: A Scoping Review
  Benedetta Capetti, Lorenzo Conti, Chiara Marzorati, Roberto Grasso, Roberta Ferrucci, Gabriella Pravettoni, J. Michael Wyss
  Neural Plasticity.2024; 2024: 1.     CrossRef
• Gamma oscillations induced by 40-Hz visual-auditory stimulation for the treatment of acute-phase limb motor rehabilitation after stroke: study protocol for a prospective randomized controlled trial
  Wang Fu, Xiaoming Yu, Minghui Lai, Yuanli Li, Yingting Yang, Yong Qin, Min Yu, Feng Wang, Cong Wang
  Trials.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Molecular Changes in the Ischemic Brain as Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation Targets—TMS and tDCS Mechanisms, Therapeutic Challenges, and Combination Therapies
  Aleksandra Markowska, Beata Tarnacka
  Biomedicines.2024; 12(7): 1560.     CrossRef
• Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Coupled With Visual‐Feedback Cycling Exercise Improves Walking Ability and Walking Stability After Stroke: A Randomized Pilot Study
  Yixiu Wang, Xiaoming Chen, Menghuan Wang, Yingying Pan, Shiyi Li, Mengfei He, Feng Lin, Zhongli Jiang, Zhiyong Zhao
  Neural Plasticity.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Noninvasive Brain Stimulation for Cancer Pain Management in Nonbrain Malignancy: A Meta-Analysis
  Yung-Jiun Chien, Chun-Yu Chang, Meng-Yu Wu, Yung-Chen Chien, Hsin-Chi Wu, Yi-Shiung Horng, Saskia F. A. Duijts
  European Journal of Cancer Care.2023; 2023: 1.     CrossRef
• Exploring the Potential of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation for Relieving Central Post-Stroke Pain: A Randomized Controlled Pilot Study
  Ji-Soo Baik, Jung-Hyun Yang, Sung-Hwa Ko, So-Jung Lee, Yong-Il Shin
  Life.2023; 13(5): 1172.     CrossRef
• Effect of Cathodal Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation for Lower Limb Subacute Stroke Rehabilitation
  Qian Duan, Wenying Liu, Jinhui Yang, Ben Huang, Jie Shen, Laura Baroncelli
  Neural Plasticity.2023; 2023: 1.     CrossRef
• A blended neurostimulation protocol to delineate cortico-muscular and spino-muscular dynamics following neuroplastic adaptation
  Filip Stefanovic, Julian A. Martinez, Ghazala T. Saleem, Sue Ann Sisto, Michael T. Miller, Yaa A. Achampong, Albert H. Titus
  Frontiers in Neurology.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Non-invasive Brain Stimulation Techniques for the Improvement of Upper Limb Motor Function and Performance in Activities of Daily Living After Stroke: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis
  Ishtiaq Ahmed, Rustem Mustafaoglu, Simone Rossi, Fatih A. Cavdar, Seth Kwame Agyenkwa, Marco Y.C. Pang, Sofia Straudi
  Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation.2023; 104(10): 1683.     CrossRef
• Investigation of the efficacy of low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on upper-limb motor recovery in subacute ischemic stroke without cortical involvement: a protocol paper for a multi-center, double-blind randomized controlled tria
  Hee-Mun Cho, Seungwoo Cha, Min Kyun Sohn, Sungju Jee, Won Kee Chang, Won-Seok Kim, Nam-Jong Paik
  Frontiers in Neurology.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Non-invasive brain stimulation associated mirror therapy for upper-limb rehabilitation after stroke: Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials
  Qingqing Zhao, Hong Li, Yu Liu, Haonan Mei, Liying Guo, Xianying Liu, Xiaolin Tao, Jiang Ma
  Frontiers in Neurology.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Transcranial-Direct-Current-Stimulation Accelerates Motor Recovery After Cortical Infarction in Mice: The Interplay of Structural Cellular Responses and Functional Recovery
  Helene Luise Walter, Anton Pikhovych, Heike Endepols, Steffen Rotthues, Johannes Bärmann, Heiko Backes, Mathias Hoehn, Dirk Wiedermann, Bernd Neumaier, Gereon Rudolf Fink, Maria Adele Rueger, Michael Schroeter
  Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair.2022; 36(10-11): 701.     CrossRef
• Efficacy of Neurostimulations for Upper Extremity Function Recovery after Stroke: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis
  Tao Xue, Zeya Yan, Jiahao Meng, Wei Wang, Shujun Chen, Xin Wu, Feng Gu, Xinyu Tao, Wenxue Wu, Zhouqing Chen, Yutong Bai, Zhong Wang, Jianguo Zhang
  Journal of Clinical Medicine.2022; 11(20): 6162.     CrossRef

Objective
To examine the association between observer-assessed functional status and perceived recovery in the late phase after stroke. The study also aimed to determine whether observer-assessed functional improvements as a result of horse-riding therapy (H-RT) are related to enhanced perception of stroke recovery.
Methods
This is a descriptive correlational study using data derived from a three-armed randomized controlled trial in which 123 individuals were enrolled, among whom 43 received H-RT for 12 weeks. The measures included the Modified Motor Assessment Scale, Berg Balance Scale, Timed Up and Go, timed 10-m walk, and perceived recovery from stroke indicated by item #9 in the Stroke Impact Scale (version 2.0). Spearman rank order correlation (r_s) was used in the analyses.
Results
There were moderate to strong positive or negative correlations between all four observer-assessed motor variables and participants’ ratings of perceived late-phase stroke recovery at trial entrance, ranging from r_s=-0.49 to r_s=0.54 (p<0.001). The results of the correlational analyses of variable changes showed that, after the end of the H-RT intervention, both self-selected and fast gait speed improvement were significantly correlated with increments in self-rated stroke recovery (r_s=-0.41, p=0.01 and r_s=-0.38, p=0.02, respectively).
Conclusion
This study provided data supporting the association between individual ratings of self-perceived recovery after stroke and observer-assessed individual motor function. The results further demonstrate that enhancement in perceived stroke recovery after completing the intervention was associated with objectively measured gains in both self-selected and fast gait speed.

Citations

• THE ROLE OF HIPPOTHERAPY IN THE REHABILITATION OF PATIENTS WITH SELECTED CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISORDERS: A NARRATIVE REVIEW
  Julia Kwiecińska, Władysław Hryniuk, Jacek Sitkiewicz, Alicja Toczyłowska, Mateusz Muras, Łukasz Bialic, Lidia Mądrzak, Marta Korchowiec, Wiktor Chrzanowski, Katarzyna Krzyżanowska
  International Journal of Innovative Technologies in Social Science.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Knowledge, attitude, practice and illness perception toward subarachnoid hemorrhage prevention and management among intracranial aneurysm patients
  Suiling Liu, Ping Zhang, Yeqing Wu, Dan Huang, Mengqiang Yu, Mingming Zhang
  Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery.2024; 242: 108347.     CrossRef
• Enhanced Gait Recovery in Chronic Post-COVID-19 Stroke: The Role of Combined Physical Rehabilitation
  Hunor Pál Fodor, Hunor Dávid, Attila Czont, Ildikó Miklóssy, Kálmán-Csongor Orbán, Gyöngyi Tar, Abony Fodor, Zita Kovács, Beáta Albert, Pál Salamon
  Reports.2023; 6(4): 51.     CrossRef
• The effect of animal-assisted interventions on the course of neurological diseases: a systematic review
  Veronika Mittly, Cecilia Farkas-Kirov, Ágnes Zana, Kata Szabó, Veronika Ónodi-Szabó, György Purebl
  Systematic Reviews.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Analysis of Clinical Effects of Comprehensive Nursing Based on Enhanced Recovery after Surgery in Patients with Embolization for Intracranial Aneurysms
  Jing Liu, Kunxian Zhang, Bei Wang, Qin Hu, Qing Zhang, Lei Wan, Xianpu Wang, Wenping Xiong, Min Tang
  Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine.2022; 2022: 1.     CrossRef
• Influence of Evidence-Based Nursing on Psychological Status, Neurological Function, and Life Quality of Patients with Acute Poststroke Depression
  Yan Song, Fei Wang, Yakun Yang, Xing Liu, Chenghong Zhu, Zhongjie Shi
  Disease Markers.2022; 2022: 1.     CrossRef

Objective
To determine the relationship between line bisection test (LBT) performance time and prognosis of hemispatial neglect (HSN) in stroke patients.
Methods
Data on stroke patients with HSN were prospectively collected. After patient recruitment and eligibility screening, the LBT, Motor-Free Visual Perception Test 3rd edition, and Korean version of Mini-Mental State Examination were performed at the time of admission and 4 weeks thereafter. The LBT performance time was also measured. All patients received conventional rehabilitation for 4 weeks. Based on the improvements in their LBT grades, the patients were divided into improved and non-improved groups. The evaluation results of the two groups were compared using Mann–Whitney U-tests and logistic regression was performed to predict the independence of each outcome.
Results
In total, 26 stroke patients with HSN were included, with 13 patients in each group. Significant differences were observed in the baseline LBT performance times between the improved and non-improved groups (p<0.05). Logistic regression analysis revealed associations between HSN prognosis, and baseline LBT performance time (odds ratio=0.95; 95% confidence interval, 0.90–1.00; p<0.05) and baseline Motor-Free Visual Perception Test 3rd edition (odds ratio=1.20; 95% confidence interval, 1.01–1.43; p<0.05).
Conclusion
A significant relationship was observed between the baseline LBT performance time and HSN prognosis.

Citations

• Vestibular Dysfunction and the Leftward Deviation in the New Line Bisection Task Using Three-Dimensionally Transformed Rectangles
  Teru Kamogashira, Shinnosuke Asakura, Hideaki Funayama, Kenji Ito, Noriaki Sunaga, Nao Shikanai, Fumihiko Itagaki, Toshitaka Kataoka, Shizuka Shoji, Megumi Koizumi, Shinichi Ishimoto
  Audiology Research.2025; 15(4): 86.     CrossRef
• Is mental content an illusion?
  Marco Facchin
  Synthese.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Application of immersive virtual reality for assessing chronic neglect in individuals with stroke: the immersive virtual road-crossing task
  Julia Belger, Sebastian Wagner, Michael Gaebler, Hans-Otto Karnath, Bernhard Preim, Patrick Saalfeld, Anna Schatz, Arno Villringer, Angelika Thöne-Otto
  Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology.2024; 46(3): 254.     CrossRef
• Preservation of Cerebellar Afferent Pathway May Be Related to Good Hand Function in Patients with Stroke
  Bo Kyung Shin, Hae-Yeon Park, Hanee Rim, Ji Yoon Jung, Sungwoo Paek, Yeun Jie Yoo, Mi-Jeong Yoon, Bo Young Hong, Seong Hoon Lim
  Life.2022; 12(7): 959.     CrossRef

Objective
To examine the correlation between ultrasonographic trunk muscle parameters and balance scales in mild acute stroke patients.
Methods
A total of 55 stroke patients with hemiparesis and motor power grade ≥4 in the manual motor test were included. The Scale for the Assessment and Rating of Ataxia (SARA), Berg Balance Scale (BBS), Timed Up and Go Test (TUG), and Trunk Control Test (TCT) were used to evaluate patient balance function. Ultrasonographic parameters were measured on both non-paretic and paretic sides of the rectus abdominis, external oblique, internal oblique, transversus abdominis, and erector spinae muscles. Resting thickness and contraction thickness were measured in all muscles, and contractility and contractility ratio were calculated based on measured thicknesses. The differences between paretic and non-paretic muscle parameters, and the correlation between ultrasonographic parameters and balance scales were analyzed. Stroke patients were divided into two groups according to their fall risk. Ultrasonographic measurements between the two groups were compared.
Results
All muscles’ contraction thickness and contractility were significantly different between paretic and non-paretic sides (p<0.001). Contractility ratios of all trunk muscles showed a significant correlation with SARA, BBS, TUG, and TCT (p<0.05). Contractility ratios of all muscles were significantly different between high- and low-risk fall groups (p<0.05).
Conclusion
The contractility ratio in stroke patients reflects their balance disturbance and fall risk and it may serve as a new parameter for ultrasound imaging of trunk muscles.

Citations

• Immediate effects of trunk Kinesio Taping® on functional parameters in the acute stage of patients with mild stroke: A randomized controlled trial
  Asalet Aybüke Güp, Banu Bayar
  Physiotherapy Theory and Practice.2024; 40(7): 1447.     CrossRef
• Investigation of the reliability and validity of the Turkish version of the Sitting Balance Scale in individuals with stroke
  Kübra Çapraz, Saniye Aydoğan Arslan, Teoman Çolak
  Acta Neurologica Belgica.2024; 124(1): 81.     CrossRef
• The investigation of ultrasound to assess lateral abdominal wall activation with different types of core exercises
  Nan Hu, Fengshan Huang, Rui Yu, Neil Chen Yi Lun MacAlevey, Yi Zeng, Ping Miao
  BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Respiratory muscle ultrasonography evaluation and its clinical application in stroke patients: A review
  Xiaoman Liu, Ying Yang, Jie Jia
  Frontiers in Neuroscience.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
• BOBATH vs. TASK-ORIENTED TRAINING AFTER STROKE: An assessor-blind randomized controlled trial
  Gülşah Sütçü, Levent Özçakar, Ali İmran Yalçın, Muhammed Kılınç
  Brain Injury.2023; 37(7): 581.     CrossRef
• Association between trunk core muscle thickness and functional ability in subacute hemiplegic stroke patients: an exploratory cross-sectional study
  Jee Hyun Suh, Eun Chae Lee, Joo Sup Kim, Seo Yeon Yoon
  Topics in Stroke Rehabilitation.2022; 29(3): 163.     CrossRef
• Ultrasonography of abdominal muscles: Differential diagnosis of late-onset Pompe disease and myotonic dystrophy type 1
  Pei-Chen Hsieh, Chun-Wei Chang, Long-Sun Ro, Chin-Chang Huang, Jia-En Chi, Hung-Chou Kuo
  Frontiers in Neurology.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Investigation of Structural Changes in Rectus Abdominis Muscle According to Curl-Up Angle Using Ultrasound with an Extended Field of View
  Chansol Park, Hwi-Young Cho, Chang-Ki Kang
  International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2022; 19(21): 14525.     CrossRef
• Trunk Muscle Activation Patterns During Standing Turns in Patients With Stroke: An Electromyographic Analysis
  I-Hsuan Chen, Pei-Jung Liang, Valeria Jia-Yi Chiu, Shu-Chun Lee
  Frontiers in Neurology.2021;[Epub]     CrossRef

Objective
To examine the correlation between the Frontal Assessment Battery (FAB) test, which is used to assess the frontal lobe function, and anatomical lesions as well as the ability of the test to detect frontal lobe dysfunction.
Methods
Records of stroke patients undergoing a FAB test and Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) were retrospectively reviewed. The patients were divided into three groups according to the lesions determined by an imaging study: frontal lobe cortex lesions, frontal subcortical circuit lesions, and other lesions. The FAB scores of the three groups were compared using the Kruskal-Wallis test. The validity of the FAB test to detect frontal lobe dysfunction was assessed by a comparison with the Computerized Neuropsychological Function Test (CNT) using the Spearman correlation coefficient. The correlation coefficients between the FAB test and MMSE were analyzed further based on the MMSE cutoff score.
Results
Patients with frontal cortex lesions had significantly lower total and subtest scores according to the FAB test than the other patients. The FAB test correlated better with the CNT than the MMSE, particularly in the executive function and memory domains. A high MMSE score (r=0.435) indicated a lower correlation with the FAB test score than a low MMSE score (r=0.714).
Conclusion
The FAB test could differentiate frontal lobe lesions from others in stroke patients and showed a good correlation with the CNT. Moreover, the FAB test can be used in patients with high MMSE scores to detect frontal lobe dysfunction and determine the treatment strategies for stroke patients.

Citations

• Components of frontal assessment battery and clinical features in patients with stroke
  Katsuya Sakai, Yuichiro Hosoi, Yusuke Harada, Yuichi Kato, Takayuki Miyauchi
  Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine.2025; 57: jrm43270.     CrossRef
• Evaluating the Relationship Between Migraine and Cognitive Function by Using the Frontal Assessment Battery (FAB)
  Mohammad Ali Shadram, Ali Bitaraf, Sakineh Ranji-Burachaloo, SeyedAhmad SeyedAlinaghi, Abbas Tafakhori
  Archives of Neuroscience.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Impaired executive functioning mediates the association between aging and deterministic sequence learning
  Jessica R. Petok, Layla Dang, Beatrice Hammel
  Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition.2024; 31(2): 323.     CrossRef
• Processing Speed and Attentional Shift/Mental Flexibility in Patients with Stroke: A Comprehensive Review on the Trail Making Test in Stroke Studies
  Anna Tsiakiri, Foteini Christidi, Dimitrios Tsiptsios, Pinelopi Vlotinou, Sofia Kitmeridou, Paschalina Bebeletsi, Christos Kokkotis, Aspasia Serdari, Konstantinos Tsamakis, Nikolaos Aggelousis, Konstantinos Vadikolias
  Neurology International.2024; 16(1): 210.     CrossRef
• Modern methods of cognitive functions analysis (literature review, part 1)
  N.M. Maslova, O.D. Bulynina
  Experimental and Clinical Medicine.2024; 93(1): 56.     CrossRef
• Association between the executive dysfunction and balance function in patients with stroke
  Katsuya Sakai, Yuichiro Hosoi, Yusuke Harada, Yuichi Kato
  Brain and Behavior.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Validity and Reliability of the Japanese Version of the Frontal Assessment Battery in Patients with Stroke
  Katsuya Sakai, Yuichiro Hosoi, Yusuke Harada, Kenji Morikawa, Yuichi Kato
  Neurology International.2024; 16(5): 1086.     CrossRef
• Sensitivity and specificity of the INECO frontal screening (IFS) in the detection of patients with traumatic brain injury presenting executive deficits
  Clara Pinasco, Mercedes Oviedo, María Goldfeder, Diana Bruno, Alicia Lischinsky, Teresa Torralva, María Roca
  Applied Neuropsychology: Adult.2023; 30(3): 289.     CrossRef
• Walking Ability Associated with Executive Dysfunction in Patients with Stroke: A Cross-Sectional Study
  Katsuya Sakai, Yuichiro Hosoi, Yusuke Harada
  Brain Sciences.2023; 13(4): 627.     CrossRef
• Estimation Error Consisting of Motor Imagery and Motor Execution in Patients with Stroke
  Katsuya Sakai, Yuichiro Hosoi, Yusuke Harada, Yumi Ikeda
  Journal of Motor Behavior.2023; 55(4): 435.     CrossRef
• Neuroanatomical Correlates of Cognitive Tests in Young-onset MCI
  Chiara Carbone, Erica Balboni, Daniela Beltrami, Federico Gasparini, Giulia Vinceti, Chiara Gallingani, Davide Salvatori, Simone Salemme, Maria Angela Molinari, Manuela Tondelli, Alessandro Marti, Annalisa Chiari, Giovanna Zamboni
  Journal of Integrative Neuroscience.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Distinctive effects of executive dysfunction and loss of learning/memory abilities on resting-state brain activity
  Hideyuki Hoshi, Yoko Hirata, Momoko Kobayashi, Yuki Sakamoto, Keisuke Fukasawa, Sayuri Ichikawa, Jesús Poza, Víctor Rodríguez-González, Carlos Gómez, Yoshihito Shigihara
  Scientific Reports.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Exekutive Probleme bei geriatrischen Patienten und Patientinnen
  Sophie Ibert, Alexander F. Lubitz, Michael Niedeggen, Gernot Lämmler
  Zeitschrift für Neuropsychologie.2022; 33(2): 97.     CrossRef
• Graded motor imagery training as a home exercise program for upper limb motor function in patients with chronic stroke
  Eun Kyu Ji, Hae Hyun Wang, Sung June Jung, Kyoung Bo Lee, Joon Sung Kim, Leechan Jo, Bo Young Hong, Seong Hoon Lim
  Medicine.2021; 100(3): e24351.     CrossRef
• The Impact of COVID-19 on Rehabilitation and Proposal for a New Organization
  Francesco Negrini, Calogero Malfitano, Michele Bertoni, Emanuela Facchi, Giorgio Ferriero, Silvia Galeri, Franco Molteni, Stefano Respizzi, Alessandro Tomba, Giovanna Beretta, Antonio R Majnardi
  The Journal of the International Society of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine.2021; 4(1): 1.     CrossRef
• The Role of Plasma Neurofilament Light Protein for Assessing Cognitive Impairment in Patients With End-Stage Renal Disease
  Yi-Chou Hou, Chuen-Lin Huang, Chien-Lin Lu, Cai-Mei Zheng, Yuh-Feng Lin, Kuo-Cheng Lu, Ya-Lin Chung, Ruei-Ming Chen
  Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience.2021;[Epub]     CrossRef

Objective
To investigate the comprehensive outcomes in aphasic patients, including their cognitive and functional status after ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke. It also aimed to clarify whether aphasia is a prognostic factor for cognitive and functional improvements in stroke patients.
Methods
Sixty-seven ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke patients in the subacute stage who had been diagnosed with aphasia using the Korean version of Frenchay Aphasia Screening Test (K-FAST) were included in the study. Forty-six stroke patients without aphasia were used as controls. All patients were examined with the Korean version of the Western Aphasia Battery (K-WAB). Cognitive and functional assessments of the patients including the Korean version of Mini-Mental State Examination (K-MMSE), and the Korean version of Modified Barthel Index (K-MBI) were performed during admission and 4 weeks after the initial assessments.
Results
The initial and follow-up total K-MMSE and K-MBI scores were significantly lower in aphasic patients than in non-aphasic controls. The K-WAB scores highly correlated with the total K-MMSE scores at the follow-up stage in all aphasic stroke patients. The K-WAB scores moderately correlated with the follow-up scores of the K-MBI in ischemic stroke patients but not in hemorrhagic stroke patients.
Conclusion
Aphasia influences the cognitive and functional status of stroke patients and has a greater impact on cognitive improvement. Aphasia severity can be one of the prognostic factors for cognitive status in aphasic patients with stroke.

Citations

• Possibilities of functional outcome prediction in patients with acute ischemic stroke, who did not receive reperfusion therapy
  A. M. Tynterova, N. N. Shusharina, M. S. Khoimov, A. N. Nikishova, G. G. Osadchii
  Russian neurological journal.2025; 30(1): 16.     CrossRef
• Factors influencing the choice of rehabilitation measures for a disabled person with consequences of acute stroke
  Olga I. Khokhlova, Elena M. Vasilchenko, Yana A. Denisova
  Medical and Social Expert Evaluation and Rehabilitation.2025; 28(1): 39.     CrossRef
• The effectiveness of drug therapy in the rehabilitation of patients with post-stroke aphasia
  S.V. Kotov, E.V. Isakova, M.M. Shcherbakova, V.A. Zenina
  S.S. Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry.2024; 124(11): 132.     CrossRef
• The Effect of Rehabilitation without Specific Cognitive Rehabilitation on the Improvement of Cognitive Functions in Stroke Patients: Evaluation with Risk Factors
  İlker Fatih SARI, Evren ER, İlker İLHANLI, Fazıl KULAKLI, Nurçe ÇİLESİZOĞLU YAVUZ
  Medical Records.2023; 5(2): 277.     CrossRef
• A Novel Telerehabilitation Approach for Cognitive-Language Therapy in Chronic Stroke Subjects With Aphasia: Neurocognitive Intervention Through Neurorehabilitation Exercises and Assessments
  Francesco Infarinato, Paola Romano, Francesco Adinolfi, Marco Franceschini, Roberta Ginocchi, Michela Goffredo, Marco Ottaviani, Marianna Valente, Sanaz Pournajaf
  IEEE Robotics & Automation Magazine.2023; 30(1): 84.     CrossRef
• Comparing the brain–behaviour relationship in acute and chronic stroke aphasia
  Natalie Busby, Argye E Hillis, Lisa Bunker, Chis Rorden, Roger Newman-Norlund, Leo Bonilha, Erin Meier, Emily Goldberg, Gregory Hickok, Grigori Yourganov, Julius Fridriksson
  Brain Communications.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
• A Comparative Analysis of Functional Status and Mobility in Stroke Patients with and without Aphasia
  Zbigniew Guzek, Wioletta Dziubek, Małgorzata Stefańska, Joanna Kowalska
  Journal of Clinical Medicine.2022; 11(12): 3478.     CrossRef
• Cross-validation of predictive models for functional recovery after post-stroke rehabilitation
  Silvia Campagnini, Piergiuseppe Liuzzi, Andrea Mannini, Benedetta Basagni, Claudio Macchi, Maria Chiara Carrozza, Francesca Cecchi
  Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Current view on post‐stroke dementia
  Jakub Droś, Aleksandra Klimkowicz‐Mrowiec
  Psychogeriatrics.2021; 21(3): 407.     CrossRef
• Cognitive and psychoemotional impairment dynamics in patients with hemorrhagic hemispheric stroke at the early rehabilitation stage
  Svitlana Medvedkova, Anastasiia Dronova
  Ukrains'kyi Visnyk Psykhonevrolohii.2021; (Volume 29,): 27.     CrossRef

Objective
To verify the pharyngeal width at rest as a measurement that could be used to assess changes in the degree of dysphagia over time in stroke patients.
Methods
In a cohort of stroke patients, we performed serial measurements of the pharyngeal width at the midpoints of the second (C2) and third (C3) cervical vertebral bodies using lateral neck X-rays while the patients were at rest. The JOSCYL width, a parameter named after the first initial of each developers’ surname and defined as the average value of the upper and lower pharyngeal widths, was used to formulate the JOSCYL scale, which was calculated as the JOSCYL width × 100/neck circumference. All patients also underwent serial videofluoroscopic swallowing studies (VFSSs). The Spearman correlation analysis was used to detect correlations between the serial VFSS results, JOSCYL widths, and JOSCYL scale values.
Results
Over time, we observed significant positive and negative correlations of change in the JOSCYL width and scale with changes in the Penetration-Aspiration Scale and the Dysphagia Outcome and Severity Scale scores, respectively.
Conclusion
The JOSCYL width and JOSCYL scale clearly reflected changes in dysphagia in stroke patients over time. These parameters may provide an easier method for evaluating whether post-stroke dysphagia has been alleviated.

Citations

• Pharyngeal Structure and Dysphagia in Patients with Parkinson’s Disease and Related Disorders
  Eunjee Lee, Gyu Jin Kim, Hyewon Ryu, Kwang-Ik Jung, Woo-Kyoung Yoo, Suk Hoon Ohn
  Dysphagia.2024; 39(3): 468.     CrossRef
• Prediction of Pharyngeal 3D Volume Using 2D Lateral Area Measurements During Swallowing
  Howell Henrian G. Bayona, Yoko Inamoto, Eichii Saitoh, Keiko Aihara, Masanao Kobayashi, Yohei Otaka
  Dysphagia.2024; 39(5): 783.     CrossRef
• The influence of pharyngeal width on post-stroke laryngeal aspiration
  Wonil Kang, Jane Chung, Jeongeun Lee, Kwang-Ik Jung, Woo-Kyoung Yoo, Suk Hoon Ohn
  NeuroRehabilitation.2021; 49(3): 435.     CrossRef

Objective
To investigate the usefulness of goal attainment scaling (GAS) in intensive stroke rehabilitation during the subacute stage.
Methods
Medical records of subacute post-stroke patients who had undergone intensive rehabilitation under hospitalization, before and after the application of GAS, were collected. GAS was conducted at the initial evaluation of each patient. Specific goals were suggested by physical and occupational therapists and were determined by the responsible physiatrist. A 5-point scale was used for the GAS score after 4 weeks of rehabilitation according to the preset criteria of each goal. To evaluate the influence of GAS in rehabilitation practice, functional improvements were compared between two patient groups before (n=121) and after (n=141) GAS. To assess progress in GAS practice, the standard GAS score was calculated, and the changes were observed over a 3-year period. The standard GAS score converged to 50 points when the goal was achieved. The therapists who used GAS also completed a survey regarding its usefulness.
Results
There were no statistical differences in the motor and cognitive outcomes of the patient groups before and after applying GAS scoring. Successive yearly changes in the standard GAS scores showed progressive convergence to 50 points, signaling that the patient’s goal-setting abilities improved. According to the survey, most therapists felt that GAS enhanced the quality of therapies (84.6%).
Conclusion
GAS improved goal-setting for the rehabilitation of subacute post-stroke patients and might have a positive effect on rehabilitation.

Citations

• The effect of physical therapy with goal attainment scaling on gait function in patients with subacute stroke
  Jung-Min Hong, Min-Hee Kim
  Hong Kong Physiotherapy Journal.2025; 45(01): 11.     CrossRef
• Attitudes and practices of physiotherapists towards goal-setting for stroke rehabilitation: A wide online survey
  André Vieira, Carla Mendes Pereira, Pedro Aguiar, Ana Rita Goes
  Geriatric Nursing.2025; 64: 103390.     CrossRef
• Safety and efficacy of allogeneic umbilical cord blood cells and erythropoietin combination therapy in patients with subacute stroke
  Jong Moon Kim, Seyoung Shin, Doyoung Lee, Jee In Choi, Hyeok Gyu Kwon, Sean Soon Sung Hwang, Sun-Mi Cho, Yun-Hee Kim, Jongmin Lee, Hyun Im Moon, Mi Ri Suh, MinYoung Kim
  Stem Cell Research & Therapy.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Integrating Pain Assessment and Personalized Goals: A Preliminary Study on Rehabilitation Outcomes for Post-Stroke Hemiplegic Shoulder Pain
  Fildzah Khairina, Farida Arisanti, Novitri, Dian Marta Sari, Arnengsih Nazir
  Indonesian Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation.2025; 14(2): 208.     CrossRef
• Development of an instrument to measure attitudes, practices, and factors towards goal-setting in stroke rehabilitation
  André Vieira, Carla Mendes Pereira, Ana Rita Goes
  European Journal of Physiotherapy.2024; 26(6): 372.     CrossRef
• Cognitive-motor exergame training on a labile surface in stroke inpatients: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial
  Joel Büttiker, Detlef Marks, Manuel Hanke, Sebastian Ludyga, Petra Marsico, Benjamin Eggimann, Eleftheria Giannouli
  Frontiers in Neurology.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Inertial measurement units to evaluate the efficacity of Equino Varus Foot surgery in post stroke hemiparetic patients: a feasibility study
  Nicolas de l’Escalopier, Cyril Voisard, Sylvain Jung, Mona Michaud, Albane Moreau, Nicolas Vayatis, Philippe Denormandie, Alix Verrando, Claire Verdaguer, Alain Moussu, Aliénor Jequier, Christophe Duret, Laurence Mailhan, Laure Gatin, Laurent Oudre, Damie
  Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• BOBATH vs. TASK-ORIENTED TRAINING AFTER STROKE: An assessor-blind randomized controlled trial
  Gülşah Sütçü, Levent Özçakar, Ali İmran Yalçın, Muhammed Kılınç
  Brain Injury.2023; 37(7): 581.     CrossRef
• Goal Attainment Scaling in rehabilitation: An educational review providing a comprehensive didactical tool box for implementing Goal Attainment Scaling
  Rachel Bard-Pondarré, Claire Villepinte, Fabienne Roumenoff, Hélène Lebrault, Céline Bonnyaud, Charles Pradeau, Djamel Bensmail, Marie-Eve Isner-Horobeti, Agata Krasny-Pacini
  Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine.2023; 55: jrm6498.     CrossRef
• Development of a menu of recovery goals to facilitate goal setting after critical illness
  Chloe Apps, Kate Brooks, Ella Terblanche, Nicholas Hart, Joel Meyer, Louise Rose
  Intensive and Critical Care Nursing.2023; 79: 103482.     CrossRef
• International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health-based rehabilitation program promotes activity and participation of post-stroke patients
  Mabel Ngai-Kiu Wong, Mike Kwun-Ting Cheung, Yuk-Mun Ng, Huan-Ling Yuan, Bess Yin-Hung Lam, Siu Ngor Fu, Chetwyn Che Hin Chan
  Frontiers in Neurology.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Effect of Cognition Recovery by Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation on Ipsilesional Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex in Subacute Stroke Patients
  Jongwook Kim, Byoungwoo Cha, Doyoung Lee, Jong Moon Kim, MinYoung Kim
  Frontiers in Neurology.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
• The Use of Goal Attainment Scaling in the Acupuncture of Children with Intellectual Disability
  Si-Jia Zhang, Dong Lin, Li-Li Lin, Shi-Yi Qi, Meng Gong, Shi-Bin Li, Jie Zhang
  World Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine.2022; 8(4): 522.     CrossRef
• Evaluation methods to assess the efficacy of equinovarus foot surgery on the gait of post-stroke hemiplegic patients: A literature review
  Nicolas de l'Escalopier, Cyril Voisard, Mona Michaud, Albane Moreau, Sylvain Jung, Brian Tervil, Nicolas Vayatis, Laurent Oudre, Damien Ricard
  Frontiers in Neurology.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef

Objective
To investigate variables for assessment of stroke-related sarcopenia that are alternative options to the current assessment for sarcopenia, which focuses on age-related sarcopenia and also has limitations in addressing sarcopenia due to weakness resulting from stroke.
Methods
Forty patients (17 men, 23 women; mean age, 66.9±15.4 years) with first-ever stroke who can walk independently were included. Muscle mass was determined by measuring ultrasonographic muscle thickness of vastus intermedius, rectus femoris, tibialis anterior, medial gastrocnemius, and biceps brachii muscles in addition to using the skeletal muscle index (SMI) with bioelectrical impedance analysis. Muscle strength was assessed with the Medical Research Council (MRC) sum score as well as handgrip (HG) strength. Physical performance was measured by the Berg Balance Scale (BBS) along with 4-meter gait speed (4MGS). Correlations between each assessment in the three categories were analyzed and adjusted by stroke severity, comorbidity, and nutritional status.
Results
For muscle mass, SMI showed the highest correlation with the tibialis anterior muscle (r=0.783, p<0.001) among the other muscles. Regarding muscle strength, the MRC sum score correlated with the HG (r=0.660, p<0.001). For physical performance, the BBS correlated with the 4MGS (r=0.834, p<0.001). The same result was obtained after adjusting for factors of stroke severity, comorbidity, and nutritional status.
Conclusion
These results suggest that ultrasonographic muscle thickness of the tibialis anterior, the MRC sum score, and BBS might be alternatives to SMI, HG, and usual gait speed for sarcopenia in stroke patients.

Citations

• The Feasibility of non-motorized Treadmill Training on Lower Extremity Muscle Strength, Balance, and Gait in Patients with Stroke: A Pilot Study
  Minkwon Cho, Taewoong Jeong, Yijung Chung
  NeuroRehabilitation: An International, Interdisciplinary Journal.2025; 56(2): 186.     CrossRef
• Prevalence and predictive factors for obesity, sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity in patients with chronic stroke
  Charuwan Nimphan, Preeda Arayawichanon, Charoonsak Somboonporn, Jittima Saengsuwan
  World Academy of Sciences Journal.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Training modalities for elder sarcopenic obesity: a systematic review and network meta-analysis
  Hao Qiu, Wanxia Zheng, Xi Zhou, Qianrong Liu, Xuehong Zhao
  Frontiers in Nutrition.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Comparison of hand responses to recipient nerve stimulation in sequential variations of supercharged anterior interosseous nerve transfer to the ulnar nerve – Identifying the golden recipient fascicles
  Soo Min Cha, Jing Xu, Seung Hoo Lee, In Ho Ga, Yong Hwan Kim
  Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery.2025; 110: 253.     CrossRef
• Relationship between progressive improvement in gait ability one year after discharge and skeletal muscle characteristics of stroke survivors
  Shu Tanaka, Yosuke Kimura, Yusuke Terao, Iwao Kojima, Mizue Suzuki, Ryosuke Kita, Katsumi Suzukawa, Megumi Moriya, Minoru Yamada
  Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery.2024; 243: 108401.     CrossRef
• Handheld Ultrasound Parameters of Lower Limb Muscles versus Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis Parameters for Skeletal Muscle Assessments in Arabic Female Adults
  Nada H. Alamoudi, Dara Aldisi, Mohamed S. El-Sharkawy, Mahmoud M. A. Abulmeaty
  Diagnostics.2024; 14(15): 1582.     CrossRef
• The Feasibility and Validity of Sarcopenia Assessment Using Standard of Care Stroke Imaging
  Katrina Knight, Niall Finnegan, Aisling Rafter, Daniel Forbes, Douglas Black, Terry Quinn
  Cerebrovascular Diseases.2024; 54(5): 772.     CrossRef
• Physical Therapy Assessment Tool Threshold Values to Identify Sarcopenia and Locomotive Syndrome in the Elderly
  Hae-In Kim, Myung-Chul Kim
  International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2023; 20(12): 6098.     CrossRef
• Sarkopeni’ye Genel Bakış ve İlişkili Faktörler
  Tuba Tülay KOCA, Buket TUĞAN YILDIZ
  Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi.2023; 18(3): 99.     CrossRef
• Relationship between Generalized Sarcopenia and the Severity of Dysphagia after a Stroke
  Gyu Seong Kim, Hyun Im Moon, Jeong A Ham, Min Kyeong Ma
  Journal of the Korean Dysphagia Society.2022; 12(1): 24.     CrossRef
• Impaired Nutritional Condition After Stroke From the Hyperacute to the Chronic Phase: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
  Viviënne Huppertz, Sonia Guida, Anne Holdoway, Stefan Strilciuc, Laura Baijens, Jos M. G. A. Schols, Ardy van Helvoort, Mirian Lansink, Dafin F. Muresanu
  Frontiers in Neurology.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Impact of Sarcopenia on Functional Outcomes Among Patients With Mild Acute Ischemic Stroke and Transient Ischemic Attack: A Retrospective Study
  Hyungwoo Lee, Il Hyung Lee, JoonNyung Heo, Minyoul Baik, Hyungjong Park, Hye Sun Lee, Hyo Suk Nam, Young Dae Kim
  Frontiers in Neurology.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Nutrition Management in Patients With Traumatic Brain Injury: A Narrative Review
  Hoo Young Lee, Byung-Mo Oh
  Brain & Neurorehabilitation.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Nutrition Management Across the Stroke Continuum of Care to Optimize Outcome and Recovery
  Anne Holdoway, Ethem Murat Arsava, Stephen A. Ashford, Emanuele Cereda, Rainer Dziewas, Gerard E. Francisco
  The Journal of the International Society of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine.2022; 5(4): 121.     CrossRef
• Effect of Aquatic Treadmill Training on Patients with Hemiplegia after Stroke
  Yanan WANG, Tong ZHANG, Huilin LIU, Xuejing DU, Xiaomin ZHU, Yuanmin LIU
  Rehabilitation Medicine.2022; 32(4): 299.     CrossRef
• Are Sarcopenia and Cognitive Dysfunction Comorbid after Stroke in the Context of Brain–Muscle Crosstalk?
  Sophia X. Sui, Brenton Hordacre, Julie A. Pasco
  Biomedicines.2021; 9(2): 223.     CrossRef
• Association Between Length of Stay in the Intensive Care Unit and Sarcopenia Among Hemiplegic Stroke Patients
  Aeri Jang, Chang Hoon Bae, Soo Jeong Han, Hasuk Bae
  Annals of Rehabilitation Medicine.2021; 45(1): 49.     CrossRef
• Sarcopenia Diagnosis: Reliability of the Ultrasound Assessment of the Tibialis Anterior Muscle as an Alternative Evaluation Tool
  Massimiliano Leigheb, Alessandro de Sire, Matteo Colangelo, Domenico Zagaria, Federico Alberto Grassi, Ottavio Rena, Patrizio Conte, Pierluigi Neri, Alessandro Carriero, Gian Mauro Sacchetti, Fabio Penna, Giuseppina Caretti, Elisabetta Ferraro
  Diagnostics.2021; 11(11): 2158.     CrossRef
• How Does Stroke Affect Skeletal Muscle? State of the Art and Rehabilitation Perspective
  Valentina Azzollini, Stefania Dalise, Carmelo Chisari
  Frontiers in Neurology.2021;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Sarcopenia in neurodegenerative disorders
  M. A. Korotysh, S. N. Svetozarskiy, S. V. Kopishinskaia
  Medical alphabet.2021; (36): 52.     CrossRef
• Sarcopenia as a Mediator of the Effect of a Gerontogymnastics Program on Cardiorespiratory Fitness of Overweight and Obese Older Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial
  Pablo Jorge Marcos-Pardo, Noelia González-Gálvez, Gemma María Gea-García, Abraham López-Vivancos, Alejandro Espeso-García, Rodrigo Gomes de Souza Vale
  International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2020; 17(19): 7064.     CrossRef

Objective
To translate the Stroke Rehabilitation Motivation Scale (SRMS), developed to evaluate the motivation level of stroke patients during rehabilitation, into the Korean language and to verify the reliability and validity of the Korean version of SRMS (K-SRMS).
Methods
The K-SRMS was developed following a structured process that included translation, verification, compromise assessment, reverse translation, feedback, and final correction. K-SRMS reliability was evaluated by performing internal consistency and test–retest analyses. The reliability test was conducted in 50 stroke patients. Its validity was assessed by comparing the K-SRMS with the scale and performing exploratory factor analysis. The validity test was conducted in 102 stroke patients.
Results
The test–retest analysis showed good reliability, and the internal consistency of the K-SRMS was similar to that of the original version for all, except 4, items. Thus, these 4 items were excluded, and then the validity test was conducted. Pearson correlation analysis demonstrated that the K-SRMS score was significantly correlated with the BAS total score (Pearson r=0.207, p<0.05). In the exploratory factor analysis, K-SRMS items were categorized into 7 groups (factors), and factors 1 and 4 showed mutual concordance with K-SRMS subscales, including intrinsic motivation factors and amotivation, respectively.
Conclusion
The newly developed K-SRMS showed good reliability and validity. It could also be used as a tool to objectify the degree of motivation for rehabilitation among stroke patients in clinical care and research.

Citations

• Fun and games: a scoping review of enjoyment and intensity assessment in studies of game-based interventions for gait rehabilitation in neurological disorders
  Laura Duval, Marie-Claire Smith, Stacey A. Reading, Winston D. Byblow, Cathy M. Stinear
  Disability and Rehabilitation.2025; 47(8): 1893.     CrossRef
• Cross Cultural Adaptation and Validation of Kannada Version of the Motivation in Stroke Patients for Rehabilitation Scale in Hospitalized Stroke Patients
  Reema D’Souza, Purusotham Chippala
  Journal of Health and Allied Sciences NU.2025; 15: 296.     CrossRef
• Brain-computer interface on wrist training with or without neurofeedback in subacute stroke: a study protocol for a double-blinded, randomized control pilot trial
  Myeong Sun Kim, Hyunju Park, Ilho Kwon, Kwang-Ok An, Joon-Ho Shin
  Frontiers in Neurology.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Motivation as a Measurable Outcome in Stroke Rehabilitation: A Systematic Review of the Literature
  Giulio Verrienti, Cecilia Raccagni, Ginevra Lombardozzi, Daniela De Bartolo, Marco Iosa
  International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2023; 20(5): 4187.     CrossRef
• Interactive Videogame Improved Rehabilitation Motivation and Walking Speed in Chronic Stroke Patients: A Dual-Center Controlled Trial
  Daegyun Lee, Youngsook Bae
  Games for Health Journal.2022; 11(4): 268.     CrossRef
• Mediating Effects of Rehabilitation Motivation between Social Support and Health-Related Quality of Life among Patients with Stroke
  Yaeram Lee, Mihwa Won
  International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2022; 19(22): 15274.     CrossRef
• The Korean Version of the Fugl-Meyer Assessment: Reliability and Validity Evaluation
  Tae-lim Kim, Sung Hwan Hwang, Wang Jae Lee, Jae Woong Hwang, Inyong Cho, Eun-Hye Kim, Jung Ah Lee, Yujin Choi, Jin Ho Park, Joon-Ho Shin
  Annals of Rehabilitation Medicine.2021; 45(2): 83.     CrossRef
• Effects of Animal-Assisted Therapy on Gait Performance, Respiratory Function, and Psychological Variables in Patients Post-Stroke
  Ho-Jung An, Shin-Jun Park
  International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2021; 18(11): 5818.     CrossRef

Objective
To evaluate the longitudinal changes of swallowing kinematics based on videofluoroscopic swallowing studies (VFSSs) in subacute stroke patients grouped according to the method of dietary intake.
Methods
Sixty-nine subacute stroke patients who had taken at least 2 successive VFSSs were included. Subjects were allocated into 3 groups according to the degree of swallowing function recovery—not improved group (tube feeding recommended to patients at both studies), improved group (tube feedings recommended initially to patients and oral feeding recommended at follow-up study), and well-maintained group (oral feeding at both studies recommended to patients). Initial VFSS was performed during the subacute stage of stroke, 1 to 12 weeks after the onset of stroke, and follow-up VFSS was performed at least once. Kinematic variables were calculated by two-dimensional motion analysis of multiple structures, including the hyoid bone, epiglottis, and vocal cord. Changes of kinematic variables were analyzed in serial VFSSs.
Results
At the initial VFSS, the well-maintained group showed significantly larger angles of epiglottic folding than the not improved group, while at the follow-up VFSS, the improved and the well-maintained groups showed significantly larger epiglottic folding angles than the not improved group. The distribution of epiglottic folding angles was in a dichotomous pattern, and each cluster was related to the swallowing function.
Conclusion
This study showed that improved epiglottic folding angles are associated with the recovery of the swallowing process and suitability for oral feeding among various kinematic variables in subacute stroke patients.

Citations

• Predictors of recovery from dysphagia after stroke: A systematic review and meta-analysis
  Xiaoyan Jin, Shaomei Shang, HoiYee Tong, Ming Liu, Dan Li, Ying Xiao
  International Journal of Nursing Sciences.2025; 12(2): 184.     CrossRef
• Timing of True Vocal Cords Closure for Safe Swallowing: A Review of 5 Studies Using 3D Analysis Using Computerized Tomography (CT)
  Yoko Inamoto, Marlís González-Fernández, Eiichi Saitoh
  Dysphagia.2024; 39(3): 313.     CrossRef
• A Large Cohort Analysis of Epiglottic Phenotypes and Pharyngeal Residue
  Adam Kravietz, Tyler Crosby, Jackie Yang, Stamatela Balou, Gregory R. Dion, Ashley Logan, Milan R. Amin
  Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology.2024; 133(4): 375.     CrossRef
• Predicting Swallowing Recovery in Subacute Stroke Patients via Temporal and Spatial Parameters of Videofluoroscopy
  Lian Wang, Zhenhai Wei, Wei Xin, Zulin Dou
  Brain and Behavior.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Clinical Predictors of Dysphagia Recovery After Stroke: A Systematic Review
  Pamela D’Netto, Anna Rumbach, Katrina Dunn, Emma Finch
  Dysphagia.2023; 38(1): 1.     CrossRef
• Risk factors of dysphagia in patients with ischemic stroke: A meta-analysis and systematic review
  Cui Yang, Yun Pan, Massimiliano Toscano
  PLOS ONE.2022; 17(6): e0270096.     CrossRef
• Correlation of Videofluoroscopic Swallowing Study Findings With Radionuclide Salivagram in Chronic Brain-Injured Patients
  Ga Yang Shim, Ju Sun Oh, Seunghee Han, Kyungyeul Choi, Son Mi Lee, Min Woo Kim
  Annals of Rehabilitation Medicine.2021; 45(2): 108.     CrossRef
• Effects of percutaneous injection laryngoplasty on voice and swallowing problems in cancer‐related unilateral vocal cord paralysis
  Min‐Gu Kang, Han Gil Seo, Eun‐Jae Chung, Hyun Haeng Lee, Seo Jung Yun, Bhumsuk Keam, Tae Min Kim, Seong Keun Kwon, Byung‐Mo Oh
  Laryngoscope Investigative Otolaryngology.2021; 6(4): 800.     CrossRef
• Correlation Between Maximal Tongue Pressure and Swallowing Function in Spinal and Bulbar Muscular Atrophy
  Dae-Won Gwak, Seung-Hwan Jung, Yu-Sun Min, Jin-Sung Park, Hee-Jin Cho, Donghwi Park, Min Woo Hong, Min-Gu Kang
  Frontiers in Neurology.2021;[Epub]     CrossRef

Objective
To investigate longitudinal changes in language function in left-hemispheric ischemic stroke patients as well as factors that influence language recovery until 1 year after stroke onset.
Methods
We analyzed data from 235 patients with first-ever left-hemispheric ischemic stroke. All patients completed the Korean version of the Frenchay Aphasia Screening Test (K-FAST) at 7 days (T1), 3 months (T2), 6 months (T3), and 1 year (T4) after stroke onset. Repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to investigate changes in language function between time points. Subgroup analysis was performed according to the K-FAST scores at T1. Stroke lesion volume was assessed using diffusion tensor images, and involvement of language-related brain regions was examined. Multiple regression analysis was used to analyze factors influencing improvement of K-FAST score.
Results
The K-FAST scores at T1, T2, T3, and T4 differed significantly (p<0.05). In the subgroup analysis, only the severe group showed continuous significant improvement by 1 year. Factors that negatively influenced improvement of language function were the age at onset, initial National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score, and initial K-FAST score, whereas education level and stroke lesion volume positively affected recovery. Involvement of language-related brain regions did not significantly influence long-term language recovery after ischemic stroke.
Conclusion
Recovery of language function varied according to the severity of the initial language deficit. The age at stroke onset, education level, initial severity of aphasia, initial NIHSS score, and total stroke lesion volume were found to be important factors for recovery of language function.

Citations

• The impact of pre-stroke formal education on language test performance in aphasic and non-aphasic stroke survivors
  Sophie M. Roberts, Rachel Bruce, Thomas M. H. Hope, Sharon Geva, Storm Anderson, Hayley Woodgate, Kate Ledingham, Andrea Gajardo-Vidal, Diego L. Lorca-Puls, Jennifer T. Crinion, Alexander P. Leff, David W. Green, Cathy J. Price
  Aphasiology.2025; 39(11): 1480.     CrossRef
• Do social determinants influence post-stroke aphasia outcomes? A scoping review
  Robyn O'Halloran, Joanne Renton, Sam Harvey, Marie-Pier McSween, Sarah J. Wallace
  Disability and Rehabilitation.2024; 46(7): 1274.     CrossRef
• The role of language-related functional brain regions and white matter tracts in network plasticity of post-stroke aphasia
  Yue Han, Yuanyuan Jing, Yanmin Shi, Hongbin Mo, Yafei Wan, Hongwei Zhou, Fang Deng
  Journal of Neurology.2024; 271(6): 3095.     CrossRef
• Recovery from aphasia in the first year after stroke
  Stephen M Wilson, Jillian L Entrup, Sarah M Schneck, Caitlin F Onuscheck, Deborah F Levy, Maysaa Rahman, Emma Willey, Marianne Casilio, Melodie Yen, Alexandra C Brito, Wayneho Kam, L Taylor Davis, Michael de Riesthal, Howard S Kirshner
  Brain.2023; 146(3): 1021.     CrossRef
• Intersectional sociodemographic and neurological relationships in the naming ability of persons with post-stroke aphasia
  Molly Jacobs, Elizabeth Evans, Charles Ellis
  Journal of Communication Disorders.2023; 105: 106352.     CrossRef
• Therapies and Challenges in the Post-Stroke Aphasia Rehabilitation Arena: Current and Future Prospects
  Anastasios M. Georgiou, Maria Kambanaros
  Medicina.2023; 59(9): 1674.     CrossRef
• Premorbid language function: a prognostic factor for functional outcome in aphasia?
  Joanna Friedland, Catherine Doogan, Arvind Chandratheva
  Aphasiology.2022; 36(12): 1449.     CrossRef
• The Effectiveness of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) Paradigms as Treatment Options for Recovery of Language Deficits in Chronic Poststroke Aphasia
  Anastasios M. Georgiou, Maria Kambanaros, Efthymios Dardiotis
  Behavioural Neurology.2022; 2022: 1.     CrossRef
• Predictors beyond the lesion: Health and demographic factors associated with aphasia severity
  Lisa Johnson, Samaneh Nemati, Leonardo Bonilha, Chris Rorden, Natalie Busby, Alexandra Basilakos, Roger Newman-Norlund, Argye E. Hillis, Gregory Hickok, Julius Fridriksson
  Cortex.2022; 154: 375.     CrossRef

Objective
To evaluate the effectiveness of family-engaged multidimensional team planning and management for patients with severe stroke and low functional status and to identify factors predictive of improved outcome at 1 month after admission.
Methods
We retrospectively evaluated 50 patients who underwent family-engaged multidimensional rehabilitation for recovery from severe stroke due to primary unilateral cerebral lesions. The rehabilitation consisted of three phases: comprehensive multidimensional assessment, intensive rehabilitation, and evaluation. Functional Independence Measure (FIM) scores were calculated and used to predict the patients’ status at discharge.
Results
Although all FIM scores significantly improved after 1 month of rehabilitation, the motor FIM (mFIM) score improved the most (from 20.5±1.0 to 32.6±2.0). The total FIM (tFIM) and mFIM scores continued to improve from the first month to discharge (mean mFIM efficiency, 0.33). The high-efficiency patient group (mFIM efficiency ≥0.19) had a significantly higher discharge-to-home rate (44% vs. 13%), lower frequency of hemispatial neglect, and more severe finger numbness than the low-efficiency patient group (mFIM efficiency <0.19). The regression analyses revealed that besides lower mFIM and cognitive FIM scores at admission, unilateral spatial neglect, systemic comorbidities, and age were predictive of worse 1-month outcomes and tFIM scores (conformity, R²=0.78; predictive power, Akaike information criterion value=202).
Conclusion
Family-engaged multidimensional team planning and management are useful for patients with severe stroke and low functional status. Furthermore, FIM scores at admission, age, unilateral spatial neglect, and systemic comorbidities should be considered by rehabilitation teams when advising caregivers on the probability of favorable outcomes after rehabilitation.

Citations

• Predicting the prognosis of unilateral spatial neglect using magnetic resonance imaging in patients with stroke: A systematic review
  Takeshi Imura, Tsubasa Mitsutake, Tomonari Hori, Ryo Tanaka
  Brain Research.2022; 1789: 147954.     CrossRef
• Machine Learning Algorithm Identifies the Importance of Environmental Factors for Hospital Discharge to Home of Stroke Patients using Wheelchair after Discharge
  Takeshi Imura, Yuji Iwamoto, Yuki Azuma, Tetsuji Inagawa, Naoki Imada, Ryo Tanaka, Hayato Araki, Osamu Araki
  Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases.2021; 30(8): 105868.     CrossRef

Objective
To develop and standardize the Limb and Oral Apraxia Test (LOAT) for Korean patients and investigate its reliability, validity, and clinical usefulness for patients with stroke.
Methods
We developed the LOAT according to a cognitive neuropsychological model of limb and oral praxis. The test included meaningless, intransitive, transitive, and oral praxis composed of 72 items (56 items on limb praxis and 16 items on oral praxis; maximum score 216). We standardized the LOAT in a nationwide sample of 324 healthy adults. Intra-rater and inter-rater reliability and concurrent validity tests were performed in patients with stroke. We prospectively applied the LOAT in 80 patients and analyzed the incidence of apraxia. We also compared the clinical characteristics between the apraxia and non-apraxia groups.
Results
The internal consistency was high (Cronbach’s alpha=0.952). The inter-rater and intra-rater reliability and concurrent validity were also high (r=0.924–0.992, 0.961–0.999, and 0.830, respectively; p<0.001). The mean total, limb, and oral scores were not significantly different according to age and education (p>0.05). Among the 80 patients with stroke, 19 (23.8%) had limb apraxia and 21 (26.3%) had oral apraxia. Left hemispheric lesions and aphasia were significantly more frequently observed in the limb/oral apraxia group than in the non-apraxia group (p<0.001).
Conclusion
The LOAT is a newly developed comprehensive test for limb and oral apraxia for Korean patients with stroke. It has high internal consistency, reliability, and validity and is a useful apraxia test for patients with stroke.

Citations

• Verbal and oral apraxia in patients with acute stroke: Frequency, relationship, and some risk factors
  Sarah Esmailzade Moghimi, Fatemeh Mohammadi, Fariba Yadegari, Mehdi Dehghan, Seyed Mohammad Masood Hojjati, Payam Saadat, Zahra Geraili, Maryam Alizadeh
  Applied Neuropsychology: Adult.2024; 31(2): 97.     CrossRef
• The Effectiveness of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Treating Apraxia
  Asma AlRuwaili, Rida Fatima, Amal Hussain, Mohammad Uzair, Turki Abualait, Kaleem Imdad, Shahid Bashir
  CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets.2024; 23(8): 1030.     CrossRef
• Cerebrolysin Concentrate: Therapeutic Potential for Severe Oral Apraxia After Stroke: A Case Report
  Hyeonwoo Jeon, Doo Young Kim
  Brain & Neurorehabilitation.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Effect of Oral Apraxia on Dysphagia in Patients with Subacute Stroke
  Jei Hak Myung, Sung-Bom Pyun
  Dysphagia.2023; 38(1): 227.     CrossRef
• Gerstmann Syndrome as a Disconnection Syndrome: A Single Case Diffusion Tensor Imaging Study
  Soo Hoon Yoon, Jae Ik Lee, Mun Jeong Kang, Hae In Lee, Sung-Bom Pyun
  Brain & Neurorehabilitation.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Culturally Competent Approaches for Neuropsychological Assessment for Differential Diagnosis of Dementia of Korean-Speaking Patients in the United States
  Michele K York, Stella H Kim, Dongwook D Lee, Victoria A Windham, Adriana M Strutt, Jennifer M Stinson, Stephen R McCauley
  Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology.2023; 38(3): 459.     CrossRef
• The Western Aphasia Battery: a systematic review of research and clinical applications
  Andrew Kertesz
  Aphasiology.2022; 36(1): 21.     CrossRef
• The Incidence of Aphasia, Cognitive Deficits, Apraxia, Dysarthria, and Dysphagia in Acute Post Stroke Persian Speaking Adults
  Zahra Ghoreyshi, Reza Nilipour, Narges Bayat, Samaneh Sazegar Nejad, Masoud Mehrpour, Tabassom Azimi
  Indian Journal of Otolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery.2022; 74(S3): 5685.     CrossRef

Objective
To investigate the effect of decreased Skeletal Muscle Index (SMI) and hand grip strength on functional recovery in subacute ambulatory stroke patients.
Methods
Subacute stroke patients who were referred to the rehabilitation center were recruited. Decreased SMI and hand grip strength were diagnosed according to the Asian Working Group on Sarcopenia. Diagnostic criteria were decreased SMI and decreased unaffected hand grip strength. SMI was measured by bioelectrical impedance analysis. Unaffected hand grip strength was measured with a hand dynamometer. Patients were divided into two groups, decreased group (DG) and not-decreased group (NDG), according to the presence of decreased SMI and hand grip strength. Both groups received conventional stroke rehabilitation for 3 weeks. All patients were evaluated at the baseline and at 3 weeks after treatment. Functional status was evaluated with 4-meter walk test (4MWT), 6-minute walk test (6MWT), Timed Up and Go test (TUG), and Modified Barthel Index (MBI).
Results
Both groups showed improvement in 4MWT, TUG, and MBI. NDG showed improvement in 6MWT. Comparing improvements between the two groups, NDG showed more improvement in 6MWT and TUG than DG.
Conclusion
The presence of decreased SMI and hand grip strength had negative effects on functional recovery in subacute ambulatory stroke patients.

Citations

• Prevalence of Stroke‐Related Sarcopenia: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis
  Lavinia Pereira dos Santos, Bruna Machado Staico, Anna Balsamão Vaz, Ana Carolina Joviano Galvão, Ana Luiza Miranda de Oliveira, Maria Clara Ferreira, Amanda Leopoldino, Janaíne Cunha Polese
  Physiotherapy Research International.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Usefulness of body composition assessment by bioelectrical impedance vector analysis in subacute post-stroke patients in rehabilitation
  Alessandro Guerrini, Mariacristina Siotto, Carola Cocco, Marco Germanotta, Valeria Cipollini, Laura Cortellini, Arianna Pavan, Stefania Lattanzi, Sabina Insalaco, Yeganeh Manon Khazrai, Irene Giovanna Aprile
  Scientific Reports.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Prevalence and Clinical Implications of Osteosarcopenia in Patients With Acute Stroke
  Kyoung Tae Kim, Soyoung Lee, Jang Hyuk Cho, Yongmin Choi
  American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation.2025; 104(2): 101.     CrossRef
• Clinical Significance of Sarcopenia Defined by the Cross-Sectional Area of the Masseter Muscle in Cerebrovascular Events: A Retrospective Cohort Study
  Fatih Seğmen, Semih Aydemir, Temel Kayan, Firdevs Tuğba Bozkurt Biçer, Cihangir Doğu, Esra Yakışık Aktekin, Deniz Erdem, Elif Uzun Ata
  Medicina.2025; 61(2): 268.     CrossRef
• Eating difficulties among Nigerian community-dwelling stroke survivors: prevalence, correlates, and association with quality of life
  Adekola B. Ademoyegun, Adebukola G. Ibitoye, Wasiu A. Rasaq, Oluwafunmilayo A. Adeniyi, David O. Fabuluje, Israel A. Ojo, Taofeek O. Awotidebe, Chidozie E. Mbada
  BMC Public Health.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Role of sarcopenia in Temporal progression trajectory of cardiometabolic diseases: a prospective study in UK biobank
  Yi Xiao, Chen Zhu, Xunjie Cheng, Qun Huang, Tianqi Ma, Yongping Bai
  BMC Public Health.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Phase angle is a predictor of functional outcomes at discharge in patients with acute ischemic stroke
  Hiroshi Ohmae, Shin Kondo, Takashi Saito, Wataru Sano, Yuka Sugiyama, Ayane Tomari, Motomu Kamada, Yuka Nakanowatari, Maki Fujimoto, Megumi Yamada, Nori Sato, Kimiko Umemura, Ryoma Morigaki, Yasushi Takagi, Tetsuya Matsuura
  The Journal of Medical Investigation.2025; 72(1.2): 148.     CrossRef
• Combined Effect of tDCS and GRASP for Upper Limb Rehabilitation in Stroke: A Clinical and Accelerometric Pilot Study
  Erica Grange, Rachele Di Giovanni, Fabio Giuseppe Masuccio, Virginia Tipa, Luca Dileo, Alessandra Bordino, Micaela Porta, Bruno Leban, Martina Rolla, Massimiliano Pau, Claudio Marcello Solaro
  Sensors.2025; 25(16): 4907.     CrossRef
• The relationship between stroke-related sarcopenia and 3-month neurological outcome in stroke patients: a prospective cohort study
  Aiguo Zhang, Sunwen You, Jianning Xia, Xiangzhi Shao, Xinyu Pu, Jiacheng Zhang, Xinming Wu, Jinyihui Zheng, Dengchong Wu, Bing Chen, Lielie Zhu
  BMC Geriatrics.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Detection of skeletal muscle loss using ultrasound and its association with the plasma C-terminal agrin fragment biomarker in acute ischemic stroke patients in the neurological intensive care unit
  Nesibe Büşra Fidantek, Eşref Akıl, Ayfer Ertekin, Hamza Gültekin, Aysun Ekinci, Mehmet Uğur Çevik, Mehmet Ufuk Aluçlu
  Clinical Science of Nutrition.2025; 7(3): 169.     CrossRef
• Impact of sarcopenia on functional and cognitive recovery in Caucasian post-stroke patients following rehabilitation
  Alessandro Guerrini, Mariacristina Siotto, Alessio Fasano, Carola Cocco, Marco Germanotta, Valeria Cipollini, Laura Cortellini, Arianna Pavan, Stefania Lattanzi, Sabina Insalaco, Erika Antonacci, Elisabetta Ruco, Yeganeh Manon Khazrai, Irene Giovanna Apri
  Frontiers in Nutrition.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Development and Evaluation of a Mobile Application to Prevent Recurrent Stroke by Enhancing Self-management on Health Outcomes for Stroke Survivors
  Young Ju Jeong, Hee Sun Kim, Hyun Goo Kang
  CIN: Computers, Informatics, Nursing.2024; 42(1): 53.     CrossRef
• Muscle quality improvement in subacute post-stroke patients after rehabilitation: Usefulness of segmental phase angle from bioelectrical impedance analysis
  Alessandro Guerrini, Mariacristina Siotto, Marco Germanotta, Valeria Cipollini, Laura Cortellini, Arianna Pavan, Sabina Insalaco, Yeganeh Manon Khazrai, Irene Aprile
  Clinical Nutrition.2024; 43(1): 224.     CrossRef
• Exploratory analysis using machine learning algorithms to predict pinch strength by anthropometric and socio-demographic features
  Sajjad Rostamzadeh, Alireza Abouhossein, Khurshid Alam, Shahram Vosoughi, Seyedeh Sousan Sattari
  International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics.2024; 30(2): 518.     CrossRef
• Hydroxytyrosol, a Promising Supplement in the Management of Human Stroke: An Exploratory Study
  Ángela Naranjo, M. Josefa Álvarez-Soria, Pilar Aranda-Villalobos, Ana M. Martínez-Rodríguez, Esther Martínez-Lara, Eva Siles
  International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2024; 25(9): 4799.     CrossRef
• Association of Characteristics between Acute Stroke Patients and Sarcopenia: A Cross-Sectional Study
  So-Yeong Kim, Byeong-Geun Kim, Se-Ju Park
  Exercise Science.2024; 33(2): 216.     CrossRef
• Sex difference, proteostasis and mitochondrial function impact stroke-related sarcopenia—A systematic review and meta-analysis
  Chien-Yu Huang, Yu-Huei Liu
  Ageing Research Reviews.2024; 101: 102484.     CrossRef
• Effect of Sarcopenia on Functional Recovery in Acute Stroke Patients Admitted for Standard Rehabilitation Program
  So-Yeong Kim, Woon-Su Cho, Chi-Bok Park, Byeong-Geun Kim
  Medicina.2024; 60(10): 1716.     CrossRef
• Effects of muscle strength exercise on muscle mass and muscle strength in patients with stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis
  Ah-Young Choi, Jae-Hyun Lim, Byeong-Geun Kim
  Journal of Exercise Rehabilitation.2024; 20(5): 146.     CrossRef
• Prevalence and risk factors of sarcopenia in patients with stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis
  Xiang He, Xiping Shen, Tingting Yang, Guifen Ma, Jinhan Nan, Juanjuan Feng, Fanghong Yan, Cuilian Wang, Lin Han, Yanan Zhang, Yuxia Ma
  Neurosurgical Review.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Body Cell Mass from Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis in Patients with Stroke Undergoing Rehabilitation
  Alessandro Guerrini, Mariacristina Siotto, Marco Germanotta, Mirko Schirru, Arianna Pavan, Valeria Cipollini, Sabina Insalaco, Irene Aprile
  Applied Sciences.2023; 13(6): 3965.     CrossRef
• Impact of skeletal muscle mass on functional prognosis in acute stroke: A cohort study
  Keisuke Honma, Yosuke Honda, Masahiro Nagase, Yuta Nakao, Tetsuya Harada, Naoki Sasanuma, Yuki Uchiyama, Norihiko Kodama, Kazuhisa Domen
  Journal of Clinical Neuroscience.2023; 112: 43.     CrossRef
• Sarcopenia in patients following stroke: Prevalence and associated factors
  Rio Ikeji, Masafumi Nozoe, Miho Yamamoto, Haruka Seike, Hiroki Kubo, Shinichi Shimada
  Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery.2023; 233: 107910.     CrossRef
• Comparison of two handgrip dynamometers in older adults before elective surgery
  Maricarmen S. Andrade, Macarena P. Honorato, Javiera P. Vargas, María de los Angeles Galvez, Mariana R. Rojas
  Perioperative Medicine.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Association Between Skeletal Muscle Mass Index and Falls in Patients With Functional Impairment
  Hideki Arai, Masafumi Nozoe, Kuniyasu Kamiya, Satoru Matsumoto, Takeshi Morimoto
  American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation.2023; 102(10): 913.     CrossRef
• Impact of Sarcopenia on Functional Outcomes Among Patients With Mild Acute Ischemic Stroke and Transient Ischemic Attack: A Retrospective Study
  Hyungwoo Lee, Il Hyung Lee, JoonNyung Heo, Minyoul Baik, Hyungjong Park, Hye Sun Lee, Hyo Suk Nam, Young Dae Kim
  Frontiers in Neurology.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Effect of combined locomotor training and aerobic exercise on increasing handgrip strength in elderly with locomotive syndrome: A randomised controlled trial
  Ajeng Hayu Nayasista, Damayanti Tinduh, Putu I Alit Pawana, Sri Mardjiati Mei Wulan, Dwikora Novembri Utomo, Melaniani Soenarnatalina
  Annals of Medicine & Surgery.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Possible Sarcopenia and Its Association with Nutritional Status, Dietary Intakes, Physical Activity and Health-Related Quality of Life among Older Stroke Survivors
  Hui Jie Wong, Sakinah Harith, Pei Lin Lua, Khairul Azmi Ibrahim
  Annals of Geriatric Medicine and Research.2022; 26(2): 162.     CrossRef
• Predictive ability of hand-grip strength and muscle mass on functional prognosis in patients rehabilitating from stroke
  Tatsuya Matsushita, Shinta Nishioka, Anna Yamanouchi, Yuka Okazaki, Kana Oishi, Ryusei Nakashima, Yoshiharu Tokunaga, Shinya Onizuka
  Nutrition.2022; 102: 111724.     CrossRef
• Sarcopenia and nervous system disorders
  Jie Yang, Feifei Jiang, Ming Yang, Zhizhi Chen
  Journal of Neurology.2022; 269(11): 5787.     CrossRef
• Does grip strength of the less-affected side of ischemic stroke survivors influences performance of self-care activities?
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Objective
To describe scapular upward rotation during passive humeral abduction in individuals with hemiplegia post-stroke compared to normal subjects.
Methods
Twenty-five individuals with hemiplegia post-stroke and 25 age- and gender-matched normal subjects voluntarily participated in this study. Scapular upward rotation during resting and passive humeral abduction at 30°, 60°, 90°, 120°, and 150° were measured using a digital inclinometer.
Results
In both groups, scapular upward rotation significantly increased as humeral abduction increased (p<0.001). Scapular upward rotation was significantly less in the hemiplegic group compared to that in the control at 90° (p=0.002), 120° (p<0.001), and 150° of humeral abduction (p<0.001). The mean difference in scapular upward rotation between these two groups ranged from 6.3° to 11.38°.
Conclusion
Passive humeral abductions ranging from 90° to 150° can significantly alter scapular upward rotation in individuals with hemiplegia post-stroke compared to those of matched normal subjects. The magnitude of reduction of the scapular upward rotation may potentially lead to the development of hemiplegic shoulder pain after prolonged repetitive passive movement. Scapular upward rotation should be incorporated during passive humeral abduction in individuals with hemiplegia post-stroke, especially when the humeral is moved beyond 90° of humeral abduction. Combined movements of scapular and humeral will help maintain the relative movement between the scapula and humerus. However, further longitudinal study in patients with shoulder pain post-stroke is needed to confirm these findings.

Citations

• A Deep Learning-Based Upper Limb Rehabilitation Exercise Status Identification System
  Binoy B. Nair, N. R. Sakthivel
  Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering.2023; 48(2): 1237.     CrossRef
• An Upper Limb Rehabilitation Exercise Status Identification System Based on Machine Learning and IoT
  Binoy B. Nair, N. R. Sakthivel
  Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering.2022; 47(2): 2095.     CrossRef
• Early multidisciplinary prevention program of post-stroke shoulder pain: A randomized clinical trial
  Bertrand Glize, Amandine Cook, Antoine Benard, Sharmila Sagnier, Stéphane Olindo, Mathilde Poli, Sabrina Debruxelles, Pauline Renou, François Rouanet, Clément Bader, Patrick Dehail, Igor Sibon
  Clinical Rehabilitation.2022; 36(8): 1042.     CrossRef
• Moment arms of the deltoid, infraspinatus and teres minor muscles for movements with high range of motion: A cadaveric study
  Marion Hoffmann, Mickael Begon, Najoua Assila, Marc-Olivier St-Pierre, Antony Bertrand-Grenier, Sonia Duprey, Stéphane Sobczak
  Clinical Biomechanics.2022; 97: 105685.     CrossRef
• Intervention Effect of Rehabilitation Robotic Bed Under Machine Learning Combined With Intensive Motor Training on Stroke Patients With Hemiplegia
  Guangliang Liu, Haiqin Cai, Naruemon Leelayuwat
  Frontiers in Neurorobotics.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef

Objective
To investigate difference in bilateral diaphragm movement of patients with tracheal aspiration according to post stroke residue severity and determine correlations of Penetration-Aspiration Scale (PAS), residue scale, and bilateral diaphragm movement.
Methods
A total of 47 patients diagnosed with hemiplegic stroke were enrolled in this study. PAS, severity of valleculae, and pyriform sinus retention during videofluoroscopic swallowing study (VFSS) were assessed. Bilateral fluoroscopic diaphragm movements during spontaneous breathing and forced breathing were measured.
Results
Patients with tracheal aspiration (PAS≥6) had significantly (p=0.035) lower ipsilateral diaphragm movement during spontaneous breathing. Post-swallow residue severity showed statistically significant (p=0.028) difference in patients with ipsilateral diaphragm movement during forced breathing. In linear regression analysis, PAS showed weak correlations with ipsilateral spontaneous diaphragm movement (r=0.397, p=0.006), ipsilateral forced diaphragm movement (r=0.384, p=0.008), and contralateral forced diaphragm movement (r=0.323, p=0.027). Weak correlation was also observed between post swallow residue severity and ipsilateral diaphragm movement during spontaneous breathing (r=0.331, p=0.023) and forced breathing (r=0.343, p=0.018).
Conclusion
We confirmed the relationship between swallowing function and bilateral diaphragm movement in this study. The severity of dysphagia after hemiplegic stroke was correlated with bilateral diaphragm movement. Further longitudinal studies are needed to assess the effect of breathing exercise on post-stroke dysphagia.

Citations

• The Impact of Ageing on Diaphragm Function and Maximal Inspiratory Pressure: A Cross-Sectional Ultrasound Study
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  Xiaoman Liu, Qingming Qu, Panmo Deng, Yuehua Zhao, Chenghong Liu, Conghui Fu, Jie Jia
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  Sung-Hyoun Cho, Ki-Bok Choi
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