The effect of inspiratory muscle training (IMT) on cervical spinal cord injury (SCI) remains controversial. This study aimed to assess the efficacy of IMT in enhancing breathing muscle strength, pulmonary function, and quality of life (QoL) among patients with cervical SCI. A search was performed using the PubMed, Cochrane Library, Scopus, Embase, and Web of Science databases through December 2023. This review was conducted according to PRISMA guidelines and the Cochrane Library Handbook. The meta-analysis used mean differences (MDs) or standardized mean differences to pool the results. The Risk of Bias 2 and the GRADE (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation) were used to assess the methodological quality of the included studies. This systematic review included five randomized controlled trials (202 participants). The results of the meta-analysis showed that IMT significantly improved maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP) with MD 12.13 cmH2O (95% confidence interval [CI] 4.22 to 20.03), maximal expiratory pressure (MEP) with MD 8.98 cmH2O (95% CI 6.96 to 11.00), and vital capacity (VC) with MD 0.25 L (95% CI 0.21 to 0.28). There were no significant improvements in forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1), and QoL. The quality of the evidence ranged from very low to moderate, owing to bias and heterogeneity. Our results showed that IMT may improve MIP, MEP, and VC, but not FEV1, FVC, or QoL, in patients with cervical SCI. Further large-scale studies are required to determine this effect’s optimal dosage and duration.

We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to examine the protective effects of botulinum toxin-A (Botox-A) on spasticity and nociceptive pain in individuals with spinal cord injuries (SCIs). PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases were searched from inception to July 2023. The primary outcome of interest was spasticity and nociceptive pain. We pooled the available data using the generic inverse variance method, and we used a fixed-effect/random-effects model. We then calculated standardized mean difference (SMD) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) to estimate the effect size. A total of fourteen studies meeting the inclusion criteria comprised two randomized controlled trials, five pre-post studies, and seven case reports. Across the various study designs, the majority of trials were assessed to have fair to high quality. The meta-analysis shows that Botox-A significantly decreased spasticity (SMD, -1.73; 95% CI, -2.51 to -0.95; p<0.0001, I2=48%) and nociceptive pain (SMD, -1.79; 95% CI, -2.67 to -0.91; p<0.0001, I2=0%) in SCI patients. Furthermore, Botox-A intervention improved motor function, activities of daily living (ADL), and quality of life. Our study suggests that Botox-A may alleviate spasticity and nociceptive pain in SCI patients. Moreover, the observed improvements in motor function, ADL, and overall quality of life following Botox-A intervention underscore its pivotal role in enhancing patient outcomes.

Spinal cord injury (SCI) rehabilitation emphasizes locomotion. Robotic-assisted gait training (RAGT) is widely used in clinical settings because of its benefits; however, its efficacy remains controversial. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate the efficacy of RAGT in patients with SCI. We searched international and domestic databases for articles published until April 18, 2024. The meta-analysis employed a random effects model to determine the effect size as either mean difference (MD) or standardized MD (SMD). Evidence quality was evaluated using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach. Twenty-three studies with a total of 690 participants were included in the final analysis. The overall pooled effect size for improvement in activities of daily living was 0.24, with SMD (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 0.04–0.43; GRADE: high) favoring RAGT over conventional rehabilitation. Muscular strength (MD, 0.23; 95% CI, 0.02–0.44; GRADE: high), walking index for SCI (MD, 0.31; 95% CI, 0.07–0.55; GRADE: moderate) and 6 min walk test distance (MD, 0.38; 95% CI, 0.14–0.63; GRADE: moderate) showed significant improvement in the robot group. Subgroup analysis revealed that subacute patients and intervention periods >2 months were more effective. This meta-analysis revealed that RAGT significantly improved activities of daily living, muscular strength, and walking abilities. Additional studies are needed to identify the optimal treatment protocol and specific patient groups for which the protocol is most effective.

Citations

• Effects of Unpredictable Perturbation Training on a Split-Belt Treadmill on Physical Performance in Older Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial
  Kap-Soo Han, Myoung-Hwan Ko
  Geriatrics.2025; 10(1): 23.     CrossRef
• Advances and New Therapies in Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury
  Antonio Montoto-Marqués, Jesús Benito-Penalva, María Elena Ferreiro-Velasco, Mark Andrew Wright, Sebastian Salvador-De la Barrera, Hatice Kumru, Nelson Gaitán-Pérez, Agustin Hernández-Navarro, Antonio Rodríguez-Sotillo, Fernando Martins Braga, Angela Pale
  Journal of Clinical Medicine.2025; 14(7): 2203.     CrossRef
• Factors influencing on functional independence outcomes after hospitalization and rehabilitation in children with spinal cord injury
  Hong-Bo Zhao, Xiang-Jiang Rong, Qi Zhang, Ting-Ting Ma, He Yan, Tian-Tian Zhou, Yan-Qing Zhang
  BMC Pediatrics.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Electromechanical-assisted training for walking after stroke
  Jan Mehrholz, Joachim Kugler, Marcus Pohl, Bernhard Elsner
  Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Comparing Virtual Reality and Robotic Training Effects on Balance Ability and Confidence in Older Adults
  Oluwasola Okhuoya, Lara A. Thompson
  Applied Sciences.2025; 15(11): 5909.     CrossRef

Objective
To compile epidemiological characteristics of traumatic spinal cord injury (TSCI) in the Northern Indian Himalayan regions and Sub-Himalayan planes.
Methods
The present study is a retrospective, cross-sectional descriptive analysis based on hospital data conducted at the Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation and Spine Unit of Trauma Centre in a tertiary care hospital in Uttarakhand, India. People hospitalized at the tertiary care center between August 2018 and November 2021 are included in the study sample. A prestructured proforma was employed for the evaluation, including demographic and epidemiological characteristics.
Results
TSCI was found in 167 out of 3,120 trauma patients. The mean age of people with TSCI was 33.5±13.3, with a male-to-female ratio of 2.4:1. Eighty-three participants (49.7%) were from the plains, while the hilly region accounts for 50.3%. People from the plains had a 2.9:1 rural-to-urban ratio, whereas the hilly region had a 6:1 ratio. The overall most prevalent cause was Falls (59.3%), followed by road traffic accidents (RTAs) (35.9%). RTAs (57.2%) were the most common cause of TSCI in the plains’ urban regions, while Falls (58.1%) were more common in rural plains. In both urban (66.6%) and rural (65.3%) parts of the hilly region, falls were the most common cause.
Conclusion
TSCI is more common in young males, especially in rural hilly areas. Falls rather than RTAs are the major cause.

Citations

• Mitochondrial Transplantation/Transfer: Promising Therapeutic Strategies for Spinal Cord Injury
  Xiaochun Xiong, Chao Zhou, Yijun Yu, Qiong Xie, Linying Xia, Qingping Li, Hongming Lin, Songou Zhang, Wenqing Liang
  Journal of Orthopaedic Translation.2025; 52: 441.     CrossRef

Objective
To analyze the epidemiological information of patients with traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) and concomitant traumatic brain injury (TBI) and to suggest points to be aware of during the initial physical examination of patients with SCI.
Methods
This study was a retrospective, observational study conducted in a regional trauma center. All the records of patients diagnosed with traumatic SCI between 2016 and 2020 were reviewed. A total of 627 patients with confirmed traumatic SCI were hospitalized. A retrospective study was conducted on 363 individuals.
Results
The epidemiological data of 363 individuals were investigated. Changes in American Spinal Injury Association Impairment Scale (AIS) scores in patients with SCI were evaluated. The initial evaluation was performed on average 11 days after the injury, and a follow-up examination was performed 43 days after. Fourteen of the 24 patients identified as having AIS A and SCI with concomitant TBI in the initial evaluation showed neurologic level of injury (NLI) recovery with AIS B or more. The conversion rate in patients with SCI and concomitant TBI exceeded that reported in previous studies in individuals with SCI.
Conclusions
Physical, cognitive, and emotional impairments caused by TBI present significant challenges in rehabilitating patients with SCI. In this study, the influence of concomitant TBI lesions could have caused the initial AIS assessment to be incorrect.

Citations

• Neurologic Decline After Spinal Cord Injury
  Zakari R. Dymock, Sara Shahid Salles
  Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America.2025; 36(1): 47.     CrossRef
• Screening and outcomes of co-occurring traumatic brain injury among people with spinal cord injury: a scoping review
  Deborah L. Snell, Phoebe Wynands, Jennifer Dunn, Joanne Nunnerley, Alice Theadom
  Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine.2025; 57: jrm41897.     CrossRef
• The Critical Management of Spinal Cord Injury: A Narrative Review
  Emilio Moreno-González, Antonio Ibarra
  Clinics and Practice.2024; 15(1): 2.     CrossRef

Objective
To demonstrate the association between the physical and functional characteristics of individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI) and suicidality, an area of research that is less understood than the association with demographic, social, and psychological characteristics.
Methods
A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted with 259 patients with SCI admitted for rehabilitation at the National Rehabilitation Center, Seoul, between January 2019 and December 2021. Demographic, SCI-related, physical, and functional data were collected from their medical records. Suicide risk was assessed using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview.
Results
The 259 participants had an average age of 49.1 years, and 75.7% were male. The analysis revealed a statistically significant negative correlation between age and suicidality. No significant differences were found for sex, education, occupation, or SCI-related factors. Lower upper extremity motor score (UEMS) was significantly associated with higher suicide risk. Regarding functional factors, the inability to perform independent rolling, come to sit, wheelchair propelling, and self-driving were associated with increased suicidality. In the multiple linear regression analysis, lower UEMS, limited shoulder joint motion, upper extremity spasticity, and dependent wheelchair propulsion were predictors of higher suicide risk.
Conclusion
This study highlights the associations among physical status, functional dependency, and suicide risk in individuals with SCI. These findings emphasize the need to address psychological aspects and physical and functional factors in the management of individuals with SCI who are at a high risk of suicide.

Citations

• A Case Report of a Patient with Suicidal Trauma, Abdominal Surgery, and Short Bowel Syndrome
  Ghasem Zarei, Iman Nariman, Hosein Ghaderi-Zefrhi, Mohamad Sadegh Aboutalebi
  Journal of Surgery and Trauma.2024; 12(4): 160.     CrossRef

Spinal cord injury (SCI) has been recognized as a medically complex and life-disrupting condition. As the aging of the population accelerates, the trend of SCI has changed. This review aimed to provide comprehensive statistics and recent epidemiological changes in SCI and rehabilitation in Korea. All three insurance databases (National Health Insurance Service [NHIS], automobile insurance [AUI], and industrial accident compensation insurance [IACI]) were considered. These nationwide databases provide data on the current trends in term of incidence, etiology, and rehabilitation of SCI. Traumatic spinal cord injury (TSCI) was more frequent among the elderly in the NHIS compared to working age individuals in the AUI and IACI. In all three trauma-related insurance databases, male with TSCI outnumbered female. TSCI incidence per year was approximately 17 times higher among males than females, on average, in IACI. In all three insurances, the cervical level of TSCI was the most frequent. Although the ratio of SCI patients receiving rehabilitation treatment at primary and secondary hospitals increased for nine years, the increase in training on activities of daily living (ADL training) was found to be relatively small. This review provides a broader and comprehensive understanding of the incidence, etiology, and rehabilitation treatment of SCI in Korea.

Citations

• Effectiveness of a Community-Based Exercise Program for Ambulatory Individuals With Spinal Cord Injury: A Randomized Controlled Trial
  Sungchul Huh, Yuna Kim, Hyun-Yoon Ko, Mi Sook Yun, Yong Il Shin, Jung Lim Lee, Sung-Hwa Ko
  Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation.2025; 106(4): 481.     CrossRef
• Deep Learning-Based Prediction Model for Gait Recovery after a Spinal Cord Injury
  Hyun-Joon Yoo, Kwang-Sig Lee, Bummo Koo, Chan-Woo Yong, Chae-Won Kim
  Diagnostics.2024; 14(6): 579.     CrossRef
• Traumatic spinal cord injury: A four-year study in Puerto Rico
  Manuel F. Mas, Félix Pérez, Anna Blanco, Javier Deya, Natasha L. Frontera, Marcos R. Latimer, José Quintana, José G. Conde, Walter R. Frontera
  The Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine.2024; : 1.     CrossRef
• Risk of fracture among patients with spinal cord injury: A nationwide cohort study in South Korea
  Seonghye Kim, Bongseong Kim, Kyung-Do Han, Junhee Park, Jung Eun Yoo, Hea Lim Choi, Won Hyuk Chang, In Young Cho, Dong Wook Shin
  Bone.2024; 183: 117093.     CrossRef
• Significance of physical factors on activities of daily living in patients with tetraplegia after spinal cord injury: a retrospective study
  Kimin Yun, Jin-cheol Lim, Onyoo Kim
  BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Community-Based Exercise Programs Post Spinal Cord Injury Hospitalization: A Pilot Study for a Randomized, Multicenter, Double-Blind Controlled Setting
  Dongheon Kang, Jiyoung Park
  Life.2024; 14(9): 1135.     CrossRef
• Trends in the Incidence and Etiology of Non-Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury in Korea: A Nationwide Population-Based Study From 2007 to 2020
  Yoonjeong Choi, Ja-Ho Leigh, Jooeun Jeon, Goo Joo Lee, Hyung-Ik Shin, Moon Suk Bang
  Journal of Korean Medical Science.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Risk Factors for Suicidality in Individuals With Spinal Cord Injury: A Focus on Physical and Functional Characteristics
  Sora Han, Wooyeung Kim, Onyoo Kim
  Annals of Rehabilitation Medicine.2023; 47(5): 377.     CrossRef

Objective
To determine the characteristics of pediatric spinal cord injury (SCI) in South Korea from 1990 to 2019.
Methods
This single-centered retrospective study included pediatric SCIs. Individuals were divided into the following five groups according to onset age: ≤5, 6–12, 13–14, 15–17, and 18–19 years. The severity of complete injury was graded according to the American Spinal Injury Association impairment scale A (AIS A). Incomplete injury was graded according to AIS B, C, and D. Pearson chi-square test was used for statistical analysis.
Results
Of the 267 individuals included, 216 (80.9%) had traumatic SCIs (male-to-female ratio of 3.2:1), and 51 (19.1%) had non-traumatic SCIs (male-to-female ratio of 0.7:1). In the traumatic SCI group, 192 (88.9%) individuals were ≥15 years at the time of injury (males, 78.6%). The most common etiologies of traumatic SCIs, ranging from most to least common, were accidents related to motorcycles, falls, cars, and diving. In the non-traumatic SCI group, inflammatory (33.3%) and neoplastic (25.5%) etiologies were found to be the most common ones.
Conclusion
We found that traumatic SCIs incidence in the pediatric population was high, particularly in male individuals aged 15–19 years. The non-traumatic SCIs mostly cause paraplegia and incomplete injury. Therefore, it can be used as a basic data for the evaluation, treatment and prevention strategy of pediatric patients with SCI.

Citations

• Do we know the normal anterior-posterior diameters of the spinal cord and canal in newborns?
  Öner ÖZBEY, Fatma Zeynep ARSLAN, Muslu Kazım KÖREZ, Müge PAYASLI
  Journal of Health Sciences and Medicine.2023; 6(2): 456.     CrossRef
• A systematic review and meta-analysis of the global epidemiology of pediatric traumatic spinal cord injuries
  Seyed Behnam Jazayeri, Samuel Berchi Kankam, Ali Golestani, Parnian Shobeiri, Morteza Gholami, Mohammad Amin Dabbagh Ohadi, Seyed Farzad Maroufi, Mohammad Reza Fattahi, Hamid Malekzadeh, Seyed Behzad Jazayeri, Zahra Ghodsi, Seyed Mohammad Ghodsi, Vafa Rah
  European Journal of Pediatrics.2023; 182(12): 5245.     CrossRef

Objective
To investigate the clinical usefulness of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and tractography in the prediction of outcomes after traumatic cervical spinal cord injury (SCI) and to assess whether the predictability is different between DTI and tractography administered before and after surgery.
Methods
Sixty-one subjects with traumatic cervical SCI were randomly assigned to preop or postop groups and received DTI accordingly. Among the patients who had DTI before surgery, we assigned 10 patients who had received repeated DTI examinations at 8 weeks after injury to the follow-up group. Fractional anisotropy (FA) and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values were obtained from DTI, and imaginary fiber and crossing fiber numbers were calculated from the tractography. Neurological status and functional status were assessed at 4 and 8 weeks after SCI.
Results
The neurologic and functional statuses of both groups improved after 4 weeks. Out of the initial 61 patients who were enrolled in the study, the failure rate of DTI image analysis was significantly higher in the postop group (n=17, 41.5%) than in the preop group (n=6, 20%). The FA values and fiber numbers in the preop group tended to be higher than those in the postop group, whereas ADC values were lower in the preop group. When comparing the tractographic findings in the follow-up group, imaginary fiber numbers at the C6 and C7 levels and crossing fiber numbers from the C3 to C6 levels were significantly decreased after surgery. Several DTI and tractographic parameters (especially the ADC value at the C4 level and imaginary fiber numbers at the C6 level) showed significant correlations with neurologic and functional statuses in both the preop and postop groups. These findings were most prominent when DTI and physical examination were simultaneously performed.
Conclusion
Preoperative DTI and tractography demonstrated better FA and ADC values with lower interpretation failure rates than those obtained after surgery, whereas postoperative data significantly reflected the patient’s clinical state at the time of evaluation. Therefore, DTI and tractography could be useful in predicting clinical outcomes after traumatic cervical SCI and should be interpreted separately before and after spine surgery.

Citations

• Quantitative Magnetic Resonance Identifies Recovery from Spinal Cord Injury after Bioactive Implants
  DIANA OSORIO-LONDOÑO, AXAYÁCATL MORALES-GUADARRAMA, ROBERTO OLAYO-GONZÁLEZ, ERNESTO ROLDAN-VALADEZ
  Archives of Medical Research.2024; 55(5): 103012.     CrossRef

Objective
To evaluate the efficacy and safety of 8 weeks of resistance circuit training in people with paraplegia due to spinal cord injury.
Methods
Participants were randomized into experimental and control groups. Although the intensity and sequence of movements of the exercise programs were identical in both groups, the resting time between sets was limited to 1 minute in the experimental group. In the control group, the participants were allowed to rest until they were comfortable. Both groups received 8 weeks of training twice per week. Before and after the program, muscle mass, body fat percentage, fat mass, blood pressure, heart rate, muscle strength and muscular endurance were evaluated, and 6-minute propulsion test was conducted. Additionally, the safety of the program was assessed.
Results
Twenty-two individuals with paraplegia were enrolled (11 in each group). After the training program, the experimental group showed a significant decrease in the resting blood pressure and improvement in the upper extremity muscle mass, strength, and endurance (p<0.05). Each variable showed significant inter-group differences (p<0.05). Furthermore, none of the participants showed autonomic adverse events, musculoskeletal side effects, or discomfort.
Conclusion
The results show that resistance circuit training programs with short resting intervals are superior to the usual resistance exercise programs in improving the blood pressure and physical strength and are safe for people with upper thoracic level injuries at T6 or higher.

Citations

• Effectiveness of a Community-Based Exercise Program for Ambulatory Individuals With Spinal Cord Injury: A Randomized Controlled Trial
  Sungchul Huh, Yuna Kim, Hyun-Yoon Ko, Mi Sook Yun, Yong Il Shin, Jung Lim Lee, Sung-Hwa Ko
  Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation.2025; 106(4): 481.     CrossRef
• A three-arm randomized controlled trial of aerobic and resistance training in women with spinal cord injuries: Effects on physical fitness and pulmonary function
  Amir Hossein Haghighi, Atefeh Ahmadi, Roya Askari, Hadi Shahrabadi, Jeremy A. Moody, Joshua M. Miller, Filipe Clemente, Paulo Gentil
  Heliyon.2024; 10(13): e32538.     CrossRef
• Effectiveness of Circuit and Fartlek Exercises to Increase Aerobic Endurance in Adolescent Futsal Players
  M Haris Satria, Juhanis Juhanis, Mohamad Da'i, Lalu Moh Yudha Isnaini, Khaerul Anam, Karlina Dwijayanti
  International Journal of Disabilities Sports and Health Sciences.2024; 7(4): 782.     CrossRef
• Multicomponent Training in Progressive Phases Improves Functional Capacity, Physical Capacity, Quality of Life, and Exercise Motivation in Community-Dwelling Older Adults: A Randomized Clinical Trial
  Emilio Jofré-Saldía, Álvaro Villalobos-Gorigoitía, Cristián Cofré-Bolados, Gerson Ferrari, Gemma María Gea-García
  International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2023; 20(3): 2755.     CrossRef
• Evaluation of a Physical-Psychological Integrative (PPI) intervention for community-dwelling spinal cord injury survivors: Study protocol of a preliminary randomized controlled trial
  Yan Li, Arnold Wong, Wai Man Chung, Mengqi Li, Alex Molasiotis, Daniel Bressington, Christina Zong-Hao Ma, Patrick Pui Kin Kor, Wing Fai Yeung, Victor Afamefuna Egwuonwu
  PLOS ONE.2023; 18(3): e0282846.     CrossRef

Objective
To assess the validity of different anthropometric measures (waist circumference [WC], body mass index [BMI], and percentage body fat) in diagnosing metabolic syndrome (MetS) among individuals with SCI and provides preliminary data for future studies in setting obesity cutoff values for this population.
Methods
This was a single-center retrospective cohort study. Sample information, anthropometric measures, and MetS variables of 157 individuals with chronic SCI were collected from an electronic medical records database.
Results
Increasing age (odds ratio [OR]=1.040, p=0.016) and lower neurological level of injury (OR=1.059, p=0.046) were risk factors for MetS. Male BMI (r=0.380, p<0.001) and male WC (r=0.346, p<0.001) were positively correlated with the number of MetS subfactors. Individuals with non-obese WC, excluding central obesity, were associated with having no MetS subfactors (p=0.005), and individuals with obese WC were associated with one or more subfactors (p=0.005). BMI was associated with MetS diagnosis (area under the curve=0.765, p<0.001), with the calculated cutoff value for BMI being 22.8 kg/m².
Conclusion
This study calls for a stricter BMI cutoff for individuals with SCI in diagnosing MetS and warrants a large population-based study to define central obesity according to sex and ethnicity.

Citations

• Physical and emotional consequences of excess weight as experienced by individuals with spinal cord injuries
  Sherri L. LaVela, Justina Wu, Alex H.S. Harris, Susan M. Frayne, Andrea L. Nevedal, Katherine D. Arnow, Nicolas B. Barreto, Kristen Davis, Dan Eisenberg
  The Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine.2024; 47(3): 412.     CrossRef
• Correlates of metabolic syndrome in people with chronic spinal cord injury
  F. Di Giulio, C. Castellini, S. Palazzi, D. Tienforti, F. Antolini, G. Felzani, M. Giorgio Baroni, A. Barbonetti
  Journal of Endocrinological Investigation.2024; 47(8): 2097.     CrossRef
• Increased Risk of Myocardial Infarction, Heart Failure, and Atrial Fibrillation After Spinal Cord Injury
  Jung Eun Yoo, Miso Kim, Bongseong Kim, Heesun Lee, Won Hyuk Chang, Jeehyun Yoo, Kyungdo Han, Dong Wook Shin
  Journal of the American College of Cardiology.2024; 83(7): 741.     CrossRef
• The Clinical Management of Electrical Stimulation Therapies in the Rehabilitation of Individuals with Spinal Cord Injuries
  David R. Dolbow, Ines Bersch, Ashraf S. Gorgey, Glen M. Davis
  Journal of Clinical Medicine.2024; 13(10): 2995.     CrossRef
• Racial differences in serological markers across the first year of injury in spinal cord injury: a retrospective analysis of a multi-center interventional study
  Jia Li, Matthew Farrow, Kerollos Ibrahim, Dana M. McTigue, John Kramer, Bobo Tong, Catherine Jutzeler, Linda Jones, Ceren Yarar-Fisher
  Spinal Cord.2024; 62(8): 486.     CrossRef
• Effect of Detraining on Muscle Strength, Functional Capacity, Mental Health, and Body Composition in Individuals with Spinal Cord Injury
  Lucas Almada, Lucas Santos, Karla Freitas, Joel Rodrigues, Elizângela Diniz, Mauro Mazini-Filho, Luís Leitão, Eveline Pereira, Cláudia Oliveira, Osvaldo Moreira
  International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2024; 21(7): 900.     CrossRef
• Impaired Glucose Tolerance and Visceral Adipose Tissue Thickness among Lean and Non-Lean People with and without Spinal Cord Injury
  Amy L. Kimball, Michael A. Petrie, Patrick M. McCue, Kristin A. Johnson, Richard K. Shields
  Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology.2023; 8(3): 123.     CrossRef
• The Diagnosis and Management of Cardiometabolic Risk and Cardiometabolic Syndrome after Spinal Cord Injury
  Gary J. Farkas, Adam M. Burton, David W. McMillan, Alicia Sneij, David R. Gater
  Journal of Personalized Medicine.2022; 12(7): 1088.     CrossRef

Objective
To determine the effects of the Paraplegia Fitness Integrated Training (PARAFiT) program, which is an integrated graded physical exercise and health education program for individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI).
Methods
This nonrandomized single-blind study included 44 participants, who were assigned to either an intervention (PARAFiT) group or an active control (conventional physiotherapy) group. The intervention group underwent the PARAFiT program (8 weeks), which consisted of circuit-based interval training, progressive upper limb resistance training, and health education sessions. During the unsupervised period, the intervention group continuously underwent health education program once a month for 2 months (8 weeks). Repeated-measures analysis of variance was used for the analysis.
Results
The intervention group presented with a higher level of physical activity than did the control group; however, the difference was not significant (p=0.36). Additionally, the intervention group presented with better exercise self-efficacy and cardiorespiratory fitness and stronger bilateral shoulder muscle and handgrip than did the control group (all p<0.05). Exercise adherence was higher in the intervention group than in the control group during both the supervised (80% vs. 75%) and unsupervised (40% vs. 20%) periods.
Conclusion
The PARAFiT program enhanced the level of physical activity, exercise self-efficacy, physical fitness, and exercise adherence among the patients with SCI. Future studies should incorporate guidelines for home-based exercises and regular monitoring to promote long-term adherence to exercise and physical activity among individuals with SCI.

Citations

• Reliability and Validity of the Japanese Version of the Exercise Self‐Efficacy Scale in Older People Undergoing Lower Extremity Arthroplasty
  Mina Matsumura, Kimie Fujita, Yuriko Matsunaga‐Myoji, Goro Motomura, Satoshi Hamai, Yasuharu Nakashima
  Nursing & Health Sciences.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
• The Relationship Between Physical Activity and Mental Health Among Individuals With Spinal Cord Injury: Protocol for a Scoping Review
  Winslet Ong, Noor Arfa Omar, Asfarina Zanudin, Muhamad Faiz Alias, Lim Hui Wen, Angel Thang Xue Ee, Nor Azlin Mohd Nordin, Haidzir Manaf, Basri Husin, Mahadir Ahmad, Hafifi Hisham
  JMIR Research Protocols.2024; 13: e56081.     CrossRef
• Effects of behaviour change interventions on physical activity in people with spinal cord injury: A systematic review and meta-analysis
  Paul K. Watson, Aitthanatt C. Eitivipart, Glen M. Davis, Mohit Arora, James W. Middleton, Camila Quel De Oliveira
  Psychology of Sport and Exercise.2023; 67: 102408.     CrossRef
• Feasibility, Usability, and Safety of ParaGym, an Intelligent Mobile Exercise App for Individuals With Paraplegia: Protocol for a Pilot Block-Randomized Controlled Trial
  Janika Bolz, Adrian Löscher, Rainer Muhl, Andreas Badke, Hans-Georg Predel, Claudio Perret
  JMIR Research Protocols.2023; 12: e45652.     CrossRef
• Risk Factors for Suicidality in Individuals With Spinal Cord Injury: A Focus on Physical and Functional Characteristics
  Sora Han, Wooyeung Kim, Onyoo Kim
  Annals of Rehabilitation Medicine.2023; 47(5): 377.     CrossRef

Objective
To utilize pulmonary function parameters as predictive factors for dysphagia in individuals with cervical spinal cord injuries (CSCIs).
Methods
Medical records of 78 individuals with CSCIs were retrospectively reviewed. The pulmonary function was evaluated using spirometry and peak flow meter, whereas the swallowing function was assessed using a videofluoroscopic swallowing study. Participants were divided into the non-penetration-aspiration group (score 1 on the Penetration-Aspiration Scale [PAS]) and penetration-aspiration group (scores 2–8 on the PAS). Individuals with pharyngeal residue grade scores >1 were included in the pharyngeal residue group.
Results
The mean age was significantly higher in the penetration-aspiration and pharyngeal residue groups. In this study, individuals with clinical features, such as advanced age, history of tracheostomy, anterior surgical approach, and higher neurological level of injury, had significantly more penetration-aspiration or pharyngeal residue. Individuals in the penetration-aspiration group had significantly lower peak cough flow (PCF) levels. Individuals in the pharyngeal residue group had a significantly lower forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1). According to the receiver operating characteristic curve analysis of PCF and FEV1 on the PAS, the cutoff value was 140 L/min and 37.5% of the predicted value, respectively.
Conclusion
Low PCF and FEV1 values may predict the risk of dysphagia in individuals with CSCIs. In these individuals, active evaluation of swallowing is recommended to confirm dysphagia.

Citations

• Methods of diagnosis and rehabilitation of dysphagia in patients with spinal cord injury: a systematic review
  Roberta ZUPO, Beatrice POGGI, Nicole CAGGIANO, Giulio VARRONE, Fabio CASTELLANA, Silvia NATOLI, Rodolfo SARDONE, Antonio NARDONE, Chiara PAVESE
  European Journal of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Pulmonary function and sarcopenia as predictors of dysphagia in cervical spinal cord injury
  Su Ji Lee, Ji Cheol Shin
  Spinal Cord.2024; 62(1): 42.     CrossRef
• Evaluation of clinical factors predicting dysphagia in patients with traumatic and non-traumatic cervical spinal cord injury: a retrospective study
  Jin-Woo Choi, Dae Yeong Kim, Sun Young Joo, Donghwi Park, Min Cheol Chang
  Frontiers in Neurology.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Coordination Between Respiration and Swallowing in Patients With Dysphagia After Cervical Spinal Cord Injury: An Observational Case–Control Study
  Xuluan Xu, Qingsu Zhang, Yongqi Xie, Degang Yang, Feng Gao, Yongxue Yuan, Yu Zhang, Jianjun Li
  American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology.2024; 33(5): 2572.     CrossRef
• Flujo máximo de tos y evaluación de la deglución: Una revisión de literatura
  Amalia Nanjarí R , María del Carmen Campos
  Revista Científica Signos Fónicos.2024; 10(1): 7.     CrossRef
• Voluntary Cough Testing as a Clinical Indicator of Airway Protection in Cervical Spinal Cord Injury
  Laura Pitts, Valerie K. Hamilton, Erin A. Walaszek, Stephanie Watts, Leora R. Cherney
  The Laryngoscope.2023; 133(6): 1434.     CrossRef
• Association between Anterior Surgical Approach and Dysphagia Severity in Patients with Cervical Spinal Cord Injury
  Min Cheol Chang, Dae Yeong Kim, Jin-Woo Choi, Ho Yong Choi, Jin-Sung Park, Donghwi Park
  Journal of Clinical Medicine.2023; 12(9): 3227.     CrossRef
• Successful Continuation of Oral Intake in a Dysphagic and Tetraplegic Patient With Alternate Right and Left Complete Lateral Decubitus Positions in Rehabilitation
  Yoshinori Maki, Mayumi Takagawa, Akio Goda, Junichi Katsura, Ken Yanagibashi
  Cureus.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Laryngeal and swallow dysregulation following acute cervical spinal cord injury
  Teresa Pitts, Kimberly E. Iceman, Alyssa Huff, M. Nicholas Musselwhite, Michael L. Frazure, Kellyanna C. Young, Clinton L. Greene, Dena R. Howland
  Journal of Neurophysiology.2022; 128(2): 405.     CrossRef

Objective
To develop and evaluate the Korean version of a hospital-based transitional rehabilitation program (TRP), using daily living home for spinal cord injury (SCI) patients.
Methods
In this study, we developed the Korean version of a hospital-based TRP through domestic and overseas surveys and focus group meetings. By applying this to chronic SCI patients, we observed the functional and quality of life (QOL) changes and evaluated the degree of achievement of the core goals set for each patient during hospital-based TRP.
Results
Hospital-based TRP, for 21.8±3.9 days on average, was applied to four chronic SCI patients (two patients with long-term hospital stays and two homebound disabled individuals) with an average injury period of 736.8±185.4 days. The Korean version of the Spinal Cord Independence Measure (49.3±6.9 vs. 62.5±6.0; p<0.05) showed functional improvement at the end of TRP, when compared to that before the TRP. The Korean version of the World Health Organization’s QOL scale, abbreviated version (159.8±36.6 vs. 239.8±36.1; p<0.05), showed improvement in QOL. Goal attainment scaling showed a significant degree of achievement for the core goals through TRP (33.6±4.4 vs. 70.0±2.8; p<0.05). These results confirmed that the effect was maintained 1 month after the end of TRP. Additionally, two patients were successfully discharged after TRP completion, and the other two could start social activities.
Conclusion
The Korean version of the hospital-based TRP, applied to chronic SCI patients, showed the potential to improve the patients’ functioning and QOL and appeared to be effective in successful discharge and social participation.

Citations

• Interventional Programs for Community Reintegration after Spinal Cord Injury: A Scoping Review
  Surajo Kamilu Sulaiman, Bashir Kaka, Bashir Bello, Ashiru Hamza  Mohammed, Dauda Salihu, Umar Muhammad Bello, Muhammad Chutiyami, Francis Fatoye
  Critical Reviews in Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine.2023; 35(3): 19.     CrossRef

Objective
To assess the incidence of urinary tract infection (UTI) with post-urodynamic study (post-UDS) in patients with spinal cord injury (SCI) and study its relationship with pre-UDS pyuria.
Methods
Patients with SCI who were hospitalized and underwent UDS during a 4-year period were reviewed. Patients with pre-test lower urinary tract symptoms were excluded. Urinalysis and urine culture were performed before and 24 hours after UDS. Prophylactic antibiotics were administered for 5 days starting from the morning of the UDS. UTI was defined as bacteriuria with accompanying symptoms.
Results
Of 399 patients reviewed, 209 (52.4%) had pyuria in pre-UDS urinalysis, and 257 (64.4%) had bacteriuria in pre-UDS culture. Post-UDS UTI occurred in 6 (1.5%) individuals who all complained of fever: 5 (2.4%) of the post-UDS UTI cases occurred in patients with pre-UDS pyuria, and 1 (0.5%) in a person without. The differences between groups were not statistically significant (p=0.218). Of 221 patients with bacteriuria (gram-negative isolates) on pre-UDS culture, resistance to ciprofloxacin, cephalosporin, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMT) was noted in 52.9% (117 cases), 57.0% (126 cases), and 38.9% (86 cases), respectively.
Conclusion
No difference was found in the prevalence of post-UDS UTI based on the presence of pyuria in pre-UDS urinalysis. UDS may be performed even in SCI cases of pre-UDS pyuria without increasing the prevalence of post-UDS UTI if prophylactic antibiotics are administered. TMP/SMT could be used as a first-line antibiotic for the prevention of post-UDS UTI in Korea.

Objective
To investigate the correlation between bone mineral density (BMD) and duration of injury in individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI).
Methods
Patients with SCI who visited the outpatient department between January 2009 and January 2019 were enrolled. Patients’ most recent dual energy X-ray absorptiometry images were reviewed. According to the 2007 International Society for Clinical Densitometry guidelines, vertebrae with a local structural change were excluded when deriving spine BMD. If one or no vertebra is suitable for evaluation, spine BMD was judged as “improper for assessment”. Correlation analysis was performed between duration from injury and BMD Z-scores of the hip and spine.
Results
Among 83 individuals with SCI, the spines of 44 were judged as improper for assessment. The correlation analysis showed a significant negative relationship between the duration from injury and femur neck BMD (r=-0.40, p<0.01) and total proximal femur BMD (r=-0.39, p<0.01). However, no significant correlation was found between the duration from injury and spine BMD Z-score.
Conclusion
The duration of SCI correlated with hip BMD, but not with spine BMD. Further, more than half of the individuals with SCI could not undergo spinal assessment due to local structural changes. Therefore, spine BMD measurement is not an appropriate method for predicting future fracture risk in those with SCI.

Citations

• “I think it was helpful but not as helpful as it could have been” - a qualitative study of the experiences and perspectives of using fitness apps among manual wheelchair users with spinal cord injury
  Claire Hickey, Éimear Smith, Sara Hayes
  Disability and Rehabilitation.2025; 47(3): 633.     CrossRef
• Bone Mineral Density Post a Spinal Cord Injury: A Review of the Current Literature Guidelines
  Georgia Antoniou, Ioannis S Benetos, John Vlamis, Spyros G Pneumaticos
  Cureus.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef

Objective
To investigate the epidemiologic and demographic characteristics of patients with spinal cord injury (SCI) who were admitted to a department of rehabilitation of a university hospital.
Methods
This was a descriptive cross-sectional study. Medical records including sex, age at injury, type of disability, traumatic or non-traumatic etiology and presence of ossification of posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL) of patients with SCI who were admitted to the department of rehabilitation between 2012 and 2018 were reviewed.
Results
Of the 221 cases of SCI, 161 were traumatic and 60 were non-traumatic. The mean age at injury was 52.8 years. People aged 40–49 years showed highest proportion among overall SCI patients (19.0%). The proportion of male patients was higher in traumatic SCI at 4.96:1 than in non-traumatic SCI at 1.30:1. The most common cause of traumatic SCI was falling off (37.3%), followed by motor vehicle crash (35.4%) and tripping over (19.3%). Meanwhile, the most common cause of non-traumatic SCI was neoplasm (35.0%). Tripping over was the leading cause of traumatic SCI in patients aged ≥60 years (42.6%). A high proportion of traumatic SCI patients were found to have underlying OPLL (26.1%), particularly those who were injured by tripping over (64.5%).
Conclusion
The mean age of SCI patients was higher than that of previous studies. Falls was the single most common cause of traumatic SCI, and tripping over was the most common cause of injury in the elderly patients. OPLL was prevalent in patients who were injured from tripping over.

Citations

• Prevalence of opioid use in adults with spinal cord injury: A systematic review and meta-analysis
  Samantha J. Borg, Cate M. Cameron, Karen Luetsch, Adam Rolley, Timothy Geraghty, Steven McPhail, Victoria McCreanor
  The Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine.2025; 48(2): 170.     CrossRef
• The potential role of RhoA/ROCK-inhibition on locomotor recovery after spinal cord injury: a systematic review of in-vivo studies
  Armin Khavandegar, Negar Sadat Ahmadi, Maryam Alsadat Mousavi, Zahra Ramezani, Elaheh Khodadoust, Mahgol Sadat Hasan Zadeh Tabatabaei, Zahra Hasanpour Segherlou, Arman Zeinaddini-Meymand, Fatemeh Nasehi, Maral Moafi, Kimia RayatSanati, Rasool Masoomi, Sor
  Spinal Cord.2025; 63(3): 95.     CrossRef
• Research Progress of Early Tracheotomy in Patients with Cervical Spinal Cord Injury
  娇 彭
  Nursing Science.2024; 13(01): 42.     CrossRef
• Assessing Regional Weather’s Impact on Spinal Cord Injury Survivors, Caregivers, and General Public in Miami, Florida
  Danielle Hildegard Bass, Pardis Ghamasaee, Gregory E. Bigford, Mandeville Wakefield, Lunthita M. Duthely, Daniel Samano
  International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2024; 21(4): 382.     CrossRef
• Pathophysiology of spinal cord injury and potential health benefits of omega-3 fatty acid
  Waliullah Shah, Ara Zeenat, Lafi Al-Otaibi Mohammed, Alam Khurshid, Shatakshi
  International Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences.2024; 16(1): 15.     CrossRef
• The Changing Prevalence of Pressure Injury among Ontarians with SCI/D at Rehabilitation Admission: Opportunities for Improvement
  Beverley Catharine Craven, Emma A. Bateman, Heather Flett, Farnoosh Farahani, Dalton L. Wolfe, Sussan Askari, Maryam Omidvar, Mohammad Alavinia
  Healthcare.2024; 12(11): 1084.     CrossRef
• The burden and psychosocial impact on immediate caregivers of patients with spinal cord injury in a tertiary health facility, Edo State, Nigeria
  Timothy Aghoghko Ehwarieme, Uzezi Josiah, Auwuli Emina
  Journal of Integrative Nursing.2024; 6(2): 103.     CrossRef
• Ozone therapy vs. classical treatment in musculoskeletal disorders
  Maricela Dragomir, Claudiu Mereuță, Carmen Gheorghe
  Balneo and PRM Research Journal.2024; 15(Vol.15, no): 739.     CrossRef
• Impact of commonly administered drugs on the progression of spinal cord injury: a systematic review
  Lucie Bourguignon, Louis P. Lukas, Bethany R. Kondiles, Bobo Tong, Jaimie J. Lee, Tomás Gomes, Wolfram Tetzlaff, John L. K. Kramer, Matthias Walter, Catherine R. Jutzeler
  Communications Medicine.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• p53/HIF-1α regulates neuronal aging and autophagy in spinal cord ischemia/reperfusion injury
  Xingzhen Liu, Jia Wang, Kangping Shen, Wenjie Jin
  Mechanisms of Ageing and Development.2024; 222: 112000.     CrossRef
• Improving current understanding of cognitive impairment in patients with a spinal cord injury: A UK-based clinician survey
  Hamish Patel, Daniel Blackburn, Ram Hariharan, Krishnan Padmakumari Sivaraman Nair, Simon M. Bell
  The Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine.2024; : 1.     CrossRef
• The Role of Psychological Variables in Predicting Rehabilitation Outcomes After Spinal Cord Injury: An Artificial Neural Networks Study
  Marta Mascanzoni, Alessia Luciani, Federica Tamburella, Marco Iosa, Emanuela Lena, Sergio Di Fonzo, Valerio Pisani, Maria Carmela Di Lucente, Vincenzo Caretti, Lucia Sideli, Gaia Cuzzocrea, Giorgio Scivoletto
  Journal of Clinical Medicine.2024; 13(23): 7114.     CrossRef
• Trends in the Incidence and Etiology of Non-Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury in Korea: A Nationwide Population-Based Study From 2007 to 2020
  Yoonjeong Choi, Ja-Ho Leigh, Jooeun Jeon, Goo Joo Lee, Hyung-Ik Shin, Moon Suk Bang
  Journal of Korean Medical Science.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Incidence and prevalence of traumatic spinal cord injury in Canada using health administrative data
  Nancy P. Thorogood, Vanessa K. Noonan, Xiaozhi Chen, Nader Fallah, Suzanne Humphreys, Nicolas Dea, Brian K. Kwon, Marcel F. Dvorak
  Frontiers in Neurology.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Epidemiology and Assessment of Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury With Concomitant Brain Injury: An Observational Study in a Regional Trauma Center
  Tae Woong Yang, Dong Ho Yoo, Sungchul Huh, Myung Hun Jang, Yong Beom Shin, Sang Hun Kim
  Annals of Rehabilitation Medicine.2023; 47(5): 385.     CrossRef
• The Correlation between Lumbosacral Transitional Anatomy and Pars Defect
  Gabriel S. Gonzales-Portillo, Mauricio J. Avila, Omar Rizvi, Travis M. Dumont
  Indian Spine Journal.2022; 5(2): 209.     CrossRef
• Impact of Mechanism of Injury on Long-term Neurological Outcomes of Cervical Sensorimotor Complete Acute Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury
  Alex B. Bak, Ali Moghaddamjou, Anahita Malvea, Michael G. Fehlings
  Neurospine.2022; 19(4): 1049.     CrossRef

Objective
To identify the prevalence and characteristics of neuropathic pain (NP) in patients with spinal cord injury (SCI) and to investigate associations between NP and demographic or disease-related variables.
Methods
We retrospectively reviewed medical records of patients with SCI whose pain was classified according to the International Spinal Cord Injury Pain classifications at a single hospital. Multiple statistical analyses were employed. Patients aged <19 years, and patients with other neurological disorders and congenital conditions were excluded.
Results
Of 366 patients, 253 patients (69.1%) with SCI had NP. Patients who were married or had traumatic injury or depressive mood had a higher prevalence rate. When other variables were controlled, marital status and depressive mood were found to be predictors of NP. There was no association between the prevalence of NP and other demographic or clinical variables. The mean Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) of NP was 4.52, and patients mainly described pain as tingling, squeezing, and painful cold. Females and those with below-level NP reported more intense pain. An NRS cut-off value of 4.5 was determined as the most appropriate value to discriminate between patients taking pain medication and those who did not.
Conclusion
In total, 69.1% of patients with SCI complained of NP, indicating that NP was a major complication. Treatment planning for patients with SCI and NP should consider that marital status, mood, sex, and pain subtype may affect NP, which should be actively managed in patients with an NRS ≥4.5.

Citations

• Mechanisms and Therapeutic Prospects of Microglia-Astrocyte Interactions in Neuropathic Pain Following Spinal Cord Injury
  Yinuo Liu, Xintong Cai, Bowen Shi, Yajie Mo, Jianmin Zhang, Wenting Luo, Bodong Yu, Xi Li
  Molecular Neurobiology.2025; 62(4): 4654.     CrossRef
• Comparative outcomes of microsurgical dorsal root entry zone lesioning (DREZotomy) for intractable neuropathic pain in spinal cord and cauda equina injuries
  Bunpot Sitthinamsuwan, Tanawat Ounahachok, Sawanee Pumseenil, Sarun Nunta-aree
  Neurosurgical Review.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Efficacy of neuromodulation and rehabilitation approaches on pain relief in patients with spinal cord injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis
  Simona Portaro, Angelo Alito, Giulia Leonardi, Nicola Marotta, Adriana Tisano, Daniele Bruschetta, Umile Giuseppe Longo, Antonio Ammendolia, Demetrio Milardi, Alessandro de Sire
  Neurological Sciences.2025; 46(7): 2995.     CrossRef
• Correlation of Severity of Neuropathic Pain in Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury Patients with Sociodemographic and Clinical Characteristics Including Depression and Quality of Life: A Cross-sectional Study
  Arun Yadav, Mrinal Joshi, Shivangi Yadav
  Indian Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation.2025; 35(2): 128.     CrossRef
• Curcumin reduces pain after spinal cord injury in rats by decreasing oxidative stress and increasing GABAA receptor and GAD65 levels
  Maryam Hadadi, Mohammad Mojtaba Farazi, Mehrnaz Mehrabani, Mahsa Tashakori-Miyanroudi, Zahra Behroozi
  Scientific Reports.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Clinical Characteristics of Adults Living with a Spinal Cord Injury Across the Continuum of Care: A Population-Based Cross-Sectional Study
  Matteo Ponzano, Anja Declercq, Melissa Ziraldo, John P. Hirdes
  Journal of Clinical Medicine.2025; 14(9): 3060.     CrossRef
• Astrocytic Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase Upregulation Contributes to Chronic Below‐Level Neuropathic Pain Following Spinal Cord Injury in Male Rats
  Youngkyung Kim, Hyunggoo Kang, Young Wook Yoon
  European Journal of Pain.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Long-term dynamics of the spinal cord injury neuroinflammatory response and sensory dysfunction in female mice
  Neal J. Wrobel, Quan Shen, Dustin H. Kim, Bahar Adavoody, Daniela Garcia Prada, Richard G. Fessler, Brian T. David
  Brain, Behavior, and Immunity.2025; 129: 143.     CrossRef
• Occurrence of neuropathic pain and its characteristics in patients with traumatic spinal cord injury
  Arun Yadav, Mrinal Joshi
  The Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine.2024; 47(6): 952.     CrossRef
• Post-discharge follow-up of patients with spine trauma in the National Spinal Cord Injury Registry of Iran during the COVID-19 pandemic: Challenges and lessons learned
  Zahra Azadmanjir, Moein Khormali, Mohsen Sadeghi-Naini, Vali Baigi, Habibollah Pirnejad, Mohammad Dashtkoohi, Zahra Ghodsi, Seyed Behnam Jazayeri, Aidin Shakeri, Mahdi Mohammadzadeh, Laleh Bagheri, Mohammad-Sajjad Lotfi, Salman Daliri, Amir Azarhomayoun,
  Chinese Journal of Traumatology.2024; 27(3): 173.     CrossRef
• Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, multicentric, phase IIA clinical trial for evaluating the safety, tolerability, and therapeutic efficacy of daily oral administration of NFX88 to treat neuropathic pain in individuals with spin
  Pablo V. Escribá, Ángel M. Gil-Agudo, Joan Vidal Samsó, Judith Sánchez-Raya, Sebastián Salvador-de la Barrera, Vanesa Soto-León, Natacha León-Álvarez, Bosco Méndez Ferrer, Miguel David Membrilla-Mesa, Carolina Redondo Galán, Jesús Benito-Penalva, Antonio
  Spinal Cord.2024; 62(8): 454.     CrossRef
• Low back pain classifications and their associations with disability, quality-of-life, and sociodemographic factors: a comprehensive examination using the PainDETECT questionnaire
  Zachary Gan, Stone Sima, Samuel Lapkin, Ashish D. Diwan
  Current Medical Research and Opinion.2024; 40(8): 1379.     CrossRef
• Research progress in neuropathic pain after spinal cord injury: a bibliometric study from 2013 to 2024
  Qin Huiqing, Lin Weishan, Gui Yuchang, Tang Yun, Xu Jianwen
  Frontiers in Neurology.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Prevalence and Determinants of Pain in Spinal Cord Injury During Initial Inpatient Rehabilitation: Data From the Dutch Spinal Cord Injury Database
  Tim C. Crul, Marcel W.M. Post, Johanna M.A. Visser-Meily, Janneke M. Stolwijk-Swüste
  Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation.2023; 104(1): 74.     CrossRef
• Ectopic expression of Nav1.7 in spinal dorsal horn neurons induced by NGF contributes to neuropathic pain in a mouse spinal cord injury model
  Yan Fu, Liting Sun, Fengting Zhu, Wei Xia, Ting Wen, Ruilong Xia, Xin Yu, Dan Xu, Changgeng Peng
  Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Precision neuromodulation: Promises and challenges of spinal stimulation for multi-modal rehabilitation
  Maria F. Bandres, Jefferson L. Gomes, Gerson N. Moreno Romero, Avery R. Twyman, Jacob Graves McPherson
  Frontiers in Rehabilitation Sciences.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
• A Silver Lining of Neuropathic Pain: Predicting Favorable Functional Outcome in Spinal Cord Injury
  Mu-Lan Xu, Xiang-Bo Wu, Ying Liang, Ning Li, Xu Hu, Xiao-Dong Lin, Miao-Qiao Sun, Chun-Qiu Dai, Dan Niu, Yan-Rong Zhang, Hui Cao, Chen-Guang Zhao, Xiao-Long Sun, Hua Yuan
  Journal of Pain Research.2023; Volume 16: 2619.     CrossRef
• Feasibility of using remotely delivered Spring Forest Qigong to reduce neuropathic pain in adults with spinal cord injury: a pilot study
  Ann Van de Winckel, Sydney T. Carpentier, Wei Deng, Lin Zhang, Angela Philippus, Ricardo Battaglino, Leslie R. Morse
  Frontiers in Physiology.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
• An Exploratory EEG Analysis on the Effects of Virtual Reality in People with Neuropathic Pain Following Spinal Cord Injury
  Yvonne Tran, Philip Austin, Charles Lo, Ashley Craig, James W. Middleton, Paul J. Wrigley, Philip Siddall
  Sensors.2022; 22(7): 2629.     CrossRef
• Systematic analysis of critical genes and pathways identified a signature of neuropathic pain after spinal cord injury
  Zefu Li, Huiying Bai, Ruoyu Zhang, Bohan Chen, Junmin Wang, Bohan Xue, Xiuhua Ren, Jiarui Wang, Yanjie Jia, Weidong Zang, Jian Wang, Xuemei Chen
  European Journal of Neuroscience.2022; 56(2): 3991.     CrossRef
• Phenotypes of Motor Deficit and Pain after Experimental Spinal Cord Injury
  Volodymyr Krotov, Volodymyr Medvediev, Ibrahim Abdallah, Arseniy Bozhenko, Mykhailo Tatarchuk, Yevheniia Ishchenko, Leonid Pichkur, Serhii Savosko, Vitaliy Tsymbaliuk, Olga Kopach, Nana Voitenko
  Bioengineering.2022; 9(6): 262.     CrossRef
• Peripheral Immune Dysfunction: A Problem of Central Importance after Spinal Cord Injury
  Marisa Jeffries, Veronica Tom
  Biology.2021; 10(9): 928.     CrossRef

Objective
To investigate the glial cell and AMPA (alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid) receptor activity after surgery for disc herniation pain model.
Methods
In total, 83 Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to the following groups: control (n=16), sham-operated (n=4), rats for pain behavior evaluation (n=3), nucleus pulposus-exposed groups for AMPA receptors (n=30), and glial cell (n=30). The rats were tested for mechanical allodynia; immunohistochemical staining for AMPA receptors (GluA1 and GluA2) and glial cells (OX-42 and glial fibrillary acid protein [GFAP]) in the spinal dorsal horn was performed on postoperative days 3, 7, and 14.
Results
Mechanical withdrawal thresholds decreased after surgery, and this effect was maintained for up to 14 days. Immunohistochemical expression of GluA1 and GluA2 in the spinal dorsal horn had increased quantitatively on postoperative days 3 and 7 (p<0.05) to levels similar to that of the controls on postoperative day 14. Moreover, immunohistochemical expression of OX-42 and GFAP showed similar changes to AMPA receptors after surgery. Although the activity of AMPA receptors and glial cells achieved normalcy, the mechanical withdrawal threshold of the hind paw remained decreased 38 days after surgery.
Conclusion
The rat model of lumbar disc herniation showed increased expression of AMPA receptor and glial cell activity in the spinal dorsal horn 3 and 7 days after surgery, which deceased to control levels at 14 days. The AMPA receptors and glial cell activations showed similar patterns after disc herniation surgery.

Citations

• Regulating AMPA Receptors with Isoxazole-4-Carboxamide Derivatives: An Electrophysiological Study
  Mohammad Qneibi, Mohammed Hawash, Sosana Bdir, Mohammad Bdair, Tala Idais, Iyas Sarhan, Joud Touqan
  Journal of Xenobiotics.2025; 15(2): 40.     CrossRef
• Predictive value of S100B and brain derived neurotrophic factor for radiofrequency treatment of lumbar disc prolapse
  Wael Fathy, Mona Hussein, Rehab Magdy, Hatem Elmoutaz, Neveen A Youssef, Marwa F Abd Alla, Ahmed M El Shaarawy, Mohamed Abdelbadie
  BMC Anesthesiology.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Animal Models of Intervertebral Disc Diseases: Advantages, Limitations, and Future Directions
  Jin Young Hong, Hyunseong Kim, Wan-Jin Jeon, Changhwan Yeo, Hyun Kim, Junseon Lee, Yoon Jae Lee, In-Hyuk Ha
  Neurology International.2024; 16(6): 1788.     CrossRef

Objective
To determine whether a fully immersive virtual reality (VR) intervention combined with conventional rehabilitation (CR) can improve upper limb function more than CR alone in patients with spinal cord injury (SCI), we conducted a prospective, randomized, controlled clinical trial.
Methods
Participants were randomly assigned to either the control group (CG; n=10) or experimental group (EG; n=10). The participants in the CG received 60 minutes of conventional therapy per day, 4 days per week for 4 weeks, whereas those in the EG received 30 minutes of VR training and 30 minutes of conventional therapy per day, 4 days per week for 4 weeks. The clinical outcome measures included Medical Research Council grade, the American Spinal Injury Association upper extremity motor score (ASIA-UEMS), and scores in the Hand Strength Test, Box and Block Test, Nine-Hole Peg Test, Action Research Arm Test, and Korean version of the Spinal Cord Independence Measure (K-SCIM). The assessments were performed at the beginning (T0) and end of the intervention (T1).
Results
Grip power and K-SCIM score significantly improved in the EG after the intervention. When comparing differences between the groups, elbow extensor, wrist extensor, ASIA-UEMS, grip power, lateral pinch power, and palmar pinch power were all significantly improved.
Conclusion
VR training of upper limb function after SCI can provide an acceptable adjunctive rehabilitation method without significant adverse effects.

Citations

• Creating adapted environments: enhancing accessibility in virtual reality for upper limb rehabilitation through automated element adjustment
  V. Herrera, J. Albusac, J. J. Castro-Schez, C. González-Morcillo, D. N. Monekosso, S. Pacheco, R. Perales, A. de los Reyes-Guzmán
  Virtual Reality.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Immersive Virtual Reality in Stroke Rehabilitation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Its Efficacy in Upper Limb Recovery
  Chala Diriba Kenea, Teklu Gemechu Abessa, Dheeraj Lamba, Bruno Bonnechère
  Journal of Clinical Medicine.2025; 14(6): 1783.     CrossRef
• AdaptRehab VR: Development of an Immersive Virtual Reality System for Upper Limb Stroke Rehabilitation Designed for Low- and Middle-Income Countries Using a Participatory Co-Creation Approach
  Chala Diriba Kenea, Teklu Gemechu Abessa, Dheeraj Lamba, Bruno Bonnechère
  Bioengineering.2025; 12(6): 581.     CrossRef
• Virtual Rehabilitation in Spinal Cord Injury Patients: Realities and Future Perspectives. A Systematic Review
  Claudia Vinciguerra, Antonio Federico
  Current Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Reports.2024; 12(4): 425.     CrossRef
• Case report: Virtual reality-based arm and leg cycling combined with transcutaneous electrical spinal cord stimulation for early treatment of a cervical spinal cord injured patient
  Xiaolei Chu, Shuaiyi Liu, Xiaoxuan Zhao, Tao Liu, Zheng Xing, Qingwen Li, Qi Li
  Frontiers in Neuroscience.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Application of immersive virtual reality in the training of wheelchair boxers: evaluation of exercise intensity and users experience additional load– a pilot exploratory study
  Jacek Polechoński, Alan Langer, Anna Akbaş, Anna Zwierzchowska
  BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Technological Features of Immersive Virtual Reality Systems for Upper Limb Stroke Rehabilitation: A Systematic Review
  Chala Diriba Kenea, Teklu Gemechu Abessa, Dheeraj Lamba, Bruno Bonnechère
  Sensors.2024; 24(11): 3546.     CrossRef
• Lower Extremity Exoskeleton for Human Spinal Cord Injury: A Comprehensive Review
  Tianci Wang, Zaixin Song, Hao Wen, Chunhua Liu
  IEEE Open Journal of the Industrial Electronics Society.2024; 5: 575.     CrossRef
• Characterizing the Effects of Adding Virtual and Augmented Reality in Robot-Assisted Training
  Xupeng Ai, Victor Santamaria, Sunil K. Agrawal
  IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering.2024; 32: 2709.     CrossRef
• Virtual Reality as a Therapeutic Tool in Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation: A Comprehensive Evaluation and Systematic Review
  Matteo Scalise, Tevfik Serhan Bora, Chiara Zancanella, Adrian Safa, Roberto Stefini, Delia Cannizzaro
  Journal of Clinical Medicine.2024; 13(18): 5429.     CrossRef
• Remote Extended Reality With Markerless Motion Tracking for Sitting Posture Training
  Xupeng Ai, Sunil K. Agrawal
  IEEE Robotics and Automation Letters.2024; 9(11): 9860.     CrossRef
• Effects of virtual reality rehabilitation after spinal cord injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis
  Likun Wang, Hong Zhang, Haibo Ai, Yuxi Liu
  Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Immersive virtual reality for learning exoskeleton-like virtual walking: a feasibility study
  Antonio Rodríguez-Fernández, Alex van den Berg, Salvatore Luca Cucinella, Joan Lobo-Prat, Josep M. Font-Llagunes, Laura Marchal-Crespo
  Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Effects of digital-based interventions on muscular strength in adults: a systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression of randomized controlled trials with quality of evidence assessment
  Armin Paravlic, Luka Šlosar, Ensar Abazovic, Uros Marusic
  Annals of Medicine.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
• The cognitive basis for virtual reality rehabilitation of upper-extremity motor function after neurotraumas
  Sophie Dewil, Shterna Kuptchik, Mingxiao Liu, Sean Sanford, Troy Bradbury, Elena Davis, Amanda Clemente, Raviraj Nataraj
  Journal on Multimodal User Interfaces.2023; 17(3): 105.     CrossRef
• A Conceptual Framework for Designing Virtual Environments for Stress Therapy
  Farhah Amaliya Zaharuddin, Nazrita Ibrahim, Azmi Mohd Yusof
  Applied Sciences.2022; 12(19): 9973.     CrossRef
• Investigating features in augmented visual feedback for virtual reality rehabilitation of upper-extremity function through isometric muscle control
  Sean Sanford, Brian Collins, Mingxiao Liu, Sophie Dewil, Raviraj Nataraj
  Frontiers in Virtual Reality.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef

Objective
To review trends in bladder emptying methods over a 20-year period in patients with spinal cord injury (SCI) by severity according to the American Spinal Injury Association impairment scale (AIS).
Methods
Medical records of patients with SCI from 1994 to 1998 (group 1) and from 2012 to 2016 (group 2) were retrospectively reviewed. We classified bladder emptying methods according to the International Spinal Cord dataset. We grouped patients with normal voiding, bladder reflex triggering, and bladder expression as those using voiding without catheter.
Results
A total of 667 patients were included in the analysis. The proportion of patients using voiding without catheter and intermittent catheterization decreased from 67.0% to 30.0% and increased from 26.8% to 54.8%, respectively. In patients with AIS-A and AIS-B, the proportion of patients with intermittent catheterization increased from 32.8% to 73.3%. In patients with AIS-D, the proportion of patients using voiding without catheter and intermittent catheterization decreased from 88.5% to 68.9% and increased from 11.5% to 26.8%, respectively. In group 2, among 111 patients with AIS-D using voiding without catheter at admission, 8 (7.2%) switched to intermittent catheterization at discharge due to decreased bladder volume, increased post-voiding residual urine, or incontinence.
Conclusion
Over the past 20 years, trends in bladder emptying methods in patients with SCI changed from voiding without catheter to intermittent catheterization in Korea. This was especially prominent in patients with AIS-A, AIS-B, and AIS-C. Even in patients with AIS-D, the use of intermittent catheterization at hospital discharge increased.

Citations

• Changes in bladder emptying during inpatient rehabilitation after spinal cord injury and predicting factors: data from the Dutch Spinal Cord Injury Database
  Claire G. Poublon, Eline W. M. Scholten, Michel I. A. Wyndaele, Marcel W. M. Post, Janneke M. Stolwijk-Swüste
  Spinal Cord.2023; 61(11): 624.     CrossRef
• Should We Delay Urodynamic Study When Patients With Spinal Cord Injury Have Asymptomatic Pyuria?
  EunYoung Kim, Hye Jin Lee, Onyoo Kim, In Suk Park, Bum-Suk Lee
  Annals of Rehabilitation Medicine.2021; 45(3): 178.     CrossRef

Objective
To compare the energy efficiency of gait with knee-ankle-foot orthosis (KAFO) and robot-assisted gait and to develop a usability questionnaire to evaluate the satisfaction of walking devices in paraplegic patients with spinal cord injuries.
Methods
Thirteen patients with complete paraplegia participated and 10 completed the evaluation. They were trained to walk with KAFO (KAFO-gait) or a ReWalk robot (ReWalk-gait) for 4 weeks (20 sessions). After a 2-week wash-out period, they switched walking devices and underwent 4 additional weeks of training. Two evaluations were performed (after 2 and 4 weeks) following the training periods for each walking device, using the 6-minute walking test (6MWT) and 30-minute walking test (30MWT). The spatiotemporal variables (walking distance, velocity, and cadence) and energy expenditure (heart rate, maximal heart rate, the physiologic cost index, oxygen consumption, metabolic equivalents, and energy efficiency) were evaluated duringthe 6MWT and 30MWT. A usability evaluation questionnaire for walking devices was developed based on the International Organization for Standardization/International Electrotechnical Commission guidelines through expert consultation.
Results
The ReWalk-gait presented significant advantages in energy efficiency compared to KAFO-gait in the 6MWT and 30MWT; however, there were no differences in walking distance or speed in the 30MWT between ReWalk-gait and KAFOgait. The usability test demonstrated that ReWalk-gait was not superior to KAFO-gait in terms of safety, efficacy, efficiency, or patient satisfaction.
Conclusion
The robot (ReWalk) enabled patients with paraplegia to walk with lower energy consumption compared to KAFO, but the ReWalk-gait was not superior to KAFO-gaitin terms of patient satisfaction.

Citations

• Coordination Design of a Power-Assisted Ankle Exoskeleton Robot Based on Active-Passive Combined Drive
  Guisong He, Xuegong Huang, Feng Li
  Journal of Shanghai Jiaotong University (Science).2025; 30(1): 197.     CrossRef
• Consumer views of functional electrical stimulation and robotic exoskeleton in SCI rehabilitation: A mini review
  Yalian Pei, Mari Tobita, Benjamin Dirlikov, Dannae Arnold, Candace Tefertiller, Ashraf Gorgey
  Artificial Organs.2025; 49(5): 729.     CrossRef
• Flexible exoskeleton-assisted training enhances lower limb motor function after stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis
  Jiawei Liu, Kai Liu, Xuanxuan Ge, Ping Zhou, Tianzhe Bao, Weijun Gong
  Journal of Neurology.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Development and evaluation of band-embedded laterally wedged insoles for people with genu varum
  Jiwon Chung, Gayeon Lee, Yoon-seok Kim, Sumin Helen Koo
  Journal of Industrial Textiles.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Randomized, crossover clinical trial on the safety, feasibility, and usability of the ABLE exoskeleton: A comparative study with knee-ankle-foot orthoses
  Antonio Rodríguez-Fernández, Joan Lobo-Prat, Mariona Tolrà-Campanyà, Florentina Pérez-Cañabate, Josep M. Font-Llagunes, Lluis Guirao-Cano, Imre Cikajlo
  PLOS One.2025; 20(5): e0318039.     CrossRef
• Review of Power-Assisted Lower Limb Exoskeleton Robot
  Guisong He, Xuegong Huang, Feng Li, Huixing Wang
  Journal of Shanghai Jiaotong University (Science).2024; 29(1): 1.     CrossRef
• A microprocessor stance and swing control orthosis improves balance, risk of falling, mobility, function, and quality of life of individuals dependent on a knee-ankle-foot orthosis for ambulation
  Axel Ruetz, Tom DiBello, Chris Toelle, Bea Hemmen, Jason Wening, Eric Weber, Frank Braatz, Tobias Winkler, Friedemann Steinfeldt, Marina Umari, Rüdiger Rupp, Sascha Kluge, Alexander Krebs, Shane R. Wurdeman
  Disability and Rehabilitation.2024; 46(17): 4019.     CrossRef
• The effects of the support panel of compression leggings on the provision of low pressure for foot progression angle correction
  Hye Suk Kim
  Textile Research Journal.2024; 94(3-4): 390.     CrossRef
• Design guidelines for movement-assistive clothing based on a comprehensive understanding of older adults’ needs and preferences
  Jiwon Chung, Wujun Tang, Jeong Eun Yoon, Suhyun Ha, Ju Young Kang, Sumin Helen Koo, Sathishkumar Veerappampalayam Easwaramoorthy
  PLOS ONE.2024; 19(3): e0299434.     CrossRef
• Soft Ankle-Foot Exoskeleton for Rehabilitation: A Systematic Review of Actuation, Sensing, Mechanical Design, and Control Strategy
  Wei Meng, Chang Zhu, Haojie Liu, Quan Liu, Sheng Xie
  IEEE Transactions on Medical Robotics and Bionics.2024; 6(2): 384.     CrossRef
• Exoskeleton-based exercises for overground gait and balance rehabilitation in spinal cord injury: a systematic review of dose and dosage parameters
  Patrik Nepomuceno, Wagner H. Souza, Maureen Pakosh, Kristin E. Musselman, B. Catharine Craven
  Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Analysis and Experimental Verification of Human-Robot Coupling Collaboration Characteristics for Lower Extremity Exoskeleton Rehabilitation Robot Based on ADAMS
  Peiqin Wang, Hui Song, Runqiang Liu, Yun-Chun Jiang, Yi Zheng
  Manufacturing Technology.2024; 24(3): 467.     CrossRef
• Development of finger movement assistive gloves with pneumatic fabric actuators
  Jiwon Chung, Jeong Eun Yoon, Minseo Kim, Dongjun Shin, Sumin Koo
  Smart Materials and Structures.2024; 33(8): 085041.     CrossRef
• Design development and evaluation of arm movement-assistive suits for lifting and movement for industrial workers considering wearability
  Jiwon Chung, Jung Eun Yoon, Soah Park, Hyunbin Won, Suhyun Ha, Sumin Helen Koo
  International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics.2024; 103: 103616.     CrossRef
• Development of an individualized stable and force-reducing lower-limb exoskeleton
  Guo-Shing Huang, Meng-Hua Yen, Chia-Chun Chang, Chung-Liang Lai, Chi-Chun Chen
  Biomedical Physics & Engineering Express.2024; 10(5): 055039.     CrossRef
• Development of soft wearable robotic gloves to prevent muscle fatigue and enhance work efficiency
  Soah Park, Dongun Lee, Hyunbin Won, Yumin Cho, Jeong Eun Yoon, Jungmin Kim, Dongjun Shin, Sumin Helen Koo
  Journal of Industrial Textiles.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Investigation into the Suitability of AA 6061 and Ti6Al4V as Substitutes for SS 316L Use in the Paraplegic Swivel Mechanism
  Oluwaseun K. Ajayi, Babafemi O. Malomo, Shengzhi Du, Hakeem A. Owolabi, Olusola A. Oladosu
  Applied Sciences.2024; 14(22): 10462.     CrossRef
• Wearable rehabilitation exoskeletons of the lower limb: analysis of versatility and adaptability
  Alberto Plaza, Mar Hernandez, Gonzalo Puyuelo, Elena Garces, Elena Garcia
  Disability and Rehabilitation: Assistive Technology.2023; 18(4): 392.     CrossRef
• Advances in the clinical application of orthotic devices for stroke and spinal cord injury since 2013
  Yinxing Cui, Shihuan Cheng, Xiaowei Chen, Guoxing Xu, Ningyi Ma, He Li, Hong Zhang, Zhenlan Li
  Frontiers in Neurology.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Functional Improvement and Satisfaction with a Wearable Hip Exoskeleton in Community-Living Adults
  Jihye Kim, Hyelim Chun, Su-Hyun Lee, Hwang-Jae Lee, Yun-Hee Kim
  Healthcare.2023; 11(5): 643.     CrossRef
• Energy optimization of a wearable lower limb rehabilitation robot based on deep learning
  Wenjie Ling
  Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments.2023; 56: 103123.     CrossRef
• Biopsychosocial effects and experience of use of robotic and virtual reality devices in neuromotor rehabilitation: A study protocol
  Francesco Zanatta, Patrizia Steca, Cira Fundarò, Anna Giardini, Guido Felicetti, Monica Panigazzi, Giovanni Arbasi, Cesare Grilli, Marco D’Addario, Antonia Pierobon, Walid Kamal Abdelbasset
  PLOS ONE.2023; 18(3): e0282925.     CrossRef
• Effects of lower limb exoskeleton gait orthosis compared to mechanical gait orthosis on rehabilitation of patients with spinal cord injury: A systematic review and future perspectives
  Chaoyang Zhang, Ning Li, Xiali Xue, Xia Lu, Danjie Li, Qiaomei Hong
  Gait & Posture.2023; 102: 64.     CrossRef
• The effect of training using an upper limb rehabilitation robot (HEXO-UR30A) in chronic stroke patients: A randomized controlled trial
  Ji Ae Kim, Min Ho Chun, Anna Lee, Younghoon Ji, Hyeyoun Jang, Changsoo Han
  Medicine.2023; 102(12): e33246.     CrossRef
• A systematic review of the determinants of implementation of a locomotor training program using a powered exoskeleton for individuals with a spinal cord injury
  Caroline Charette, Julien Déry, Andreanne K Blanchette, Céline Faure, François Routhier, Laurent J Bouyer, Marie-Eve Lamontagne
  Clinical Rehabilitation.2023; 37(8): 1119.     CrossRef
• Satisfaction analysis of overground gait exoskeletons in people with neurological pathology. a systematic review
  C. Cumplido-Trasmonte, F. Molina-Rueda, G. Puyuelo-Quintana, A. Plaza-Flores, M. Hernández-Melero, E. Barquín-Santos, MA. Destarac-Eguizabal, E. García-Armada
  Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Overview of the role of robots in upper limb disabilities rehabilitation: a scoping review
  Khadijeh Moulaei, Kambiz Bahaadinbeigy, Ali Akbar Haghdoostd, Mansour Shahabi Nezhad, Abbas Sheikhtaheri
  Archives of Public Health.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
• A Self-Coordinating Controller with Balance-Guiding Ability for Lower-Limb Rehabilitation Exoskeleton Robot
  Li Qin, Houzhao Ji, Minghao Chen, Ke Wang
  Sensors.2023; 23(11): 5311.     CrossRef
• Analysis of motion characteristics of lower limb exoskeleton robot
  Xiaochen Liu, Xuyang Cheng, Xinyi Chang, Yi Zheng
  Journal of Physics: Conference Series.2023; 2581(1): 012003.     CrossRef
• Improving Exoskeleton Functionality: Design and Comparative Evaluation of Control Techniques for Pneumatic Artificial Muscle Actuators in Lower Limb Rehabilitation and Work Tasks
  Claudio Urrea, Rayko Agramonte
  Processes.2023; 11(12): 3278.     CrossRef
• STELO: A New Modular Robotic Gait Device for Acquired Brain Injury—Exploring Its Usability
  Carlos Cumplido-Trasmonte, Eva Barquín-Santos, María Dolores Gor-García-Fogeda, Alberto Plaza-Flores, David García-Varela, Leticia Ibáñez-Herrán, Carlos González-Alted, Paola Díaz-Valles, Cristina López-Pascua, Arantxa Castrillo-Calvillo, Francisco Molina
  Sensors.2023; 24(1): 198.     CrossRef
• Development and Validation of a Robotic System Combining Mobile Wheelchair and Lower Extremity Exoskeleton
  Yi Long, Yajun Peng
  Journal of Intelligent & Robotic Systems.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Effect of Reciprocating Gait Orthosis with Hip Actuation on Upper Extremity Loading during Ambulation in Patient with Spinal Cord Injury: A Single Case Study
  Jong-Won Lee, Juhwan Bae, Hyuk-Jae Choi, Chilyong Kwon, Yoon Heo, Hyeonseok Cho, Gyoosuk Kim
  Machines.2022; 10(2): 108.     CrossRef
• Knowledge Gaps in Biophysical Changes After Powered Robotic Exoskeleton Walking by Individuals With Spinal Cord Injury—A Scoping Review
  Christopher C. H. Yip, Chor-Yin Lam, Kenneth M. C. Cheung, Yat Wa Wong, Paul A. Koljonen
  Frontiers in Neurology.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
• A systematic review on the usability of robotic and virtual reality devices in neuromotor rehabilitation: patients’ and healthcare professionals’ perspective
  Francesco Zanatta, Anna Giardini, Antonia Pierobon, Marco D’Addario, Patrizia Steca
  BMC Health Services Research.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
• A Wearable Soft Robotic Exoskeleton for Hip Flexion Rehabilitation
  Tiana M. Miller-Jackson, Rainier F. Natividad, Daniel Yuan Lee Lim, Luis Hernandez-Barraza, Jonathan W. Ambrose, Raye Chen-Hua Yeow
  Frontiers in Robotics and AI.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
• The Cardiorespiratory Demands of Treadmill Walking with and without the Use of Ekso GT™ within Able-Bodied Participants: A Feasibility Study
  Damien Duddy, Rónán Doherty, James Connolly, Johnny Loughrey, Joan Condell, David Hassan, Maria Faulkner
  International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2022; 19(10): 6176.     CrossRef
• The Outcomes of Robotic Rehabilitation Assisted Devices Following Spinal Cord Injury and the Prevention of Secondary Associated Complications
  Carmen Delia Nistor-Cseppento, Anamaria Gherle, Nicoleta Negrut, Simona Gabriela Bungau, Anca Maria Sabau, Andrei-Flavius Radu, Alexa Florina Bungau, Delia Mirela Tit, Bogdan Uivaraseanu, Timea Claudia Ghitea, Diana Uivarosan
  Medicina.2022; 58(10): 1447.     CrossRef
• Comparing walking with knee-ankle-foot orthoses and a knee-powered exoskeleton after spinal cord injury: a randomized, crossover clinical trial
  Antonio Rodríguez-Fernández, Joan Lobo-Prat, Rafael Tarragó, Diego Chaverri, Xavier Iglesias, Lluis Guirao-Cano, Josep M. Font-Llagunes
  Scientific Reports.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Gait robot-assisted rehabilitation in persons with spinal cord injury: A scoping review
  Giulia Stampacchia, Valeria Gazzotti, Matteo Olivieri, Elisa Andrenelli, Donatella Bonaiuti, Rocco Salvatore Calabro, Simona Maria Carmignano, Anna Cassio, Cira Fundaro, Isabella Companini, David Mazzoli, Simona Cerulli, Carmelo Chisari, Valentina Colombo
  NeuroRehabilitation.2022; 51(4): 609.     CrossRef
• A Study on Energy Efficiency in Walking and Stair Climbing for Elderly Wearing Complex Muscle Support System
  Jang-hoon Shin, Hye-Kang Park, Joonyoung Jung, Dong-Woo Lee, Hyung Cheol Shin, Hwang-Jae Lee, Wan-Hee Lee
  Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science.2022; 11(4): 478.     CrossRef
• Effects of Wearable Powered Exoskeletal Training on Functional Mobility, Physiological Health and Quality of Life in Non-ambulatory Spinal Cord Injury Patients
  Hyeon Seong Kim, Jae Hyeon Park, Ho Seok Lee, Jae Young Lee, Ji Won Jung, Si-Bog Park, Dong Jin Hyun, Sangin Park, JuYoung Yoon, Hyunseop Lim, Yun Young Choi, Mi Jung Kim
  Journal of Korean Medical Science.2021;[Epub]     CrossRef
• The Effects of Powered Exoskeleton Gait Training on Cardiovascular Function and Gait Performance: A Systematic Review
  Damien Duddy, Rónán Doherty, James Connolly, Stephen McNally, Johnny Loughrey, Maria Faulkner
  Sensors.2021; 21(9): 3207.     CrossRef
• Effectiveness of powered exoskeleton use on gait in individuals with cerebral palsy: A systematic review
  Lucinda Rose Bunge, Ashleigh Jade Davidson, Benita Roslyn Helmore, Aleksandra Daniella Mavrandonis, Thomas David Page, Tegan Rochelle Schuster-Bayly, Saravana Kumar, Peter Schwenkreis
  PLOS ONE.2021; 16(5): e0252193.     CrossRef

Objective
To investigate dosage changes in intrathecal baclofen during long-term treatment of patients with severe leg spasticity.
Methods
We performed a retrospective chart review of 49 patients treated with an intrathecal baclofen pump (ITB) because of severe leg spasticity, for a minimum of 7 years. Eight patients were excluded due to catheter/pump failure or factors aggravating spasticity. Of the remaining 41 patients, 19 had spinal cord injury (SCI) and 22 were diagnosed with multiple sclerosis (MS). Among the SCI patients, 15 had cervical and 4 thoracic SCI, with 7 patients showing the American Spinal Injury Association impairment scale (AIS) A and 12 patients with AIS B–D. The dose was regulated by discussion among the patients and their physicians, usually 4–10 times annually, to reduce leg spasticity and also avoid leg/trunk weakness.
Results
After 1 year patients on ITB needed a median dose of 168 mg/24 hr (range, 30–725 mg) for an optimal effect. After 7 to 10 years the dosage needed to reduce leg spasticity in the MS patients was significantly increased compared with the initial dose (mean 157%, n=22 and mean 194%, n=18). In contrast, the SCI patients needed only a modest increase (mean 113% and 121%). The difference between MS and SCI patients was significant (t-test p=0.006 and p=0.004).
Conclusion
The increased dosage in MS patients compared with patients diagnosed with SCI probably reflects the progressive disease course. The need for a large dosage increase in patients with SCI suggests possible pump failure, triggering factors for spasticity or progressive spinal disease.

Citations

• Quality of life of individuals with intrathecal baclofen pump therapy
  Abdulaziz Al Mosallam, Ahmad Zaheer Qureshi, Anas J. AlSaleh
  The Journal of the International Society of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine.2025; 8(2): 50.     CrossRef
• Scar Tissue Catheter Tip Occlusion From an Intrathecal Baclofen Delivery: A Case Report and Review of the Literature
  James W Leiphart, Thaddeus J Leiphart
  Cureus.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Spasticity Management after Spinal Cord Injury: The Here and Now
  Zackery J. Billington, Austin M. Henke, David R. Gater
  Journal of Personalized Medicine.2022; 12(5): 808.     CrossRef
• Results of Intrathecal Baclofen Treatment in Sixteen Spasticity Patients According to Four Different Measurement Scales: A Retrospective Analysis
  Hasan Burak Gündüz
  Cureus.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef

Objective
To confirm the effects of combined upper limb robotic therapy (RT) as compared to conventional occupational therapy (OT) in tetraplegic spinal cord injury (SCI) patients and to suggest the optimized treatment guidelines of combined upper limb RT.
Methods
After subject recruitment and screening for eligibility, the baseline evaluation for outcome measures were performed. We evaluated the Graded and Redefined Assessment of Strength, Sensibility, and Prehension (GRASSP), the American Spinal Injury Association upper extremity motor score, grip and pinch strength, and the Spinal Cord Independence Measurement III (SCIM-III). In this study, the pre-tested participants were divided randomly into the RT and OT group. The utilized interventions included combined upper limb RT using ArmeoPower and Amadeo (RT group), or conventional OT (OT group) in addition to daily inpatient rehabilitation program. The participants underwent 40 minutes×3 sessions×5 weeks of interventions.
Results
A total of 30 tetraplegic SCI patients completed entire study program. After 5 weeks of intervention, both groups demonstrated increases in GRASSP-strength and SCIM-III. The manual muscle test scores of elbow flexion, elbow extension, 2-5th metacarpophalangeal extension, and SCIM-III subscores of bathing-upper, dressing-upper, and grooming as well as the GRASSP-qualitative prehension score were noted to have been significantly increased in the RT group as evaluated. The OT group showed improvements in the GRASSP-quantitative prehension score and some items in grip and pinch strength. There was no significant difference between the two groups in almost all measurements except for the SCIM-III bathing-upper subscore.
Conclusion
Combined upper limb RT demonstrated beneficial effects on the upper limb motor function in patients with tetraplegic SCI, which were comparable with conventional OT.

Citations

• Anxiety and Depression in Pediatric-Onset Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury: A Systematic Review
  Mohammad Mofatteh, Mohammad Sadegh Mashayekhi, Saman Arfaie, Yimin Chen, Armaan K. Malhotra, Georgios P. Skandalakis, Mohammed Ali Alvi, Fardad T. Afshari, Shakila Meshkat, Famu Lin, Ebtesam Abdulla, Ayush Anand, Xuxing Liao, Roger S. McIntyre, Carlo Sant
  World Neurosurgery.2024; 184: 267.     CrossRef
• Technology-Assisted Upper Limb Therapy (TAULT): Evaluation of Clinical Practice at a Specialised Centre for Spinal Cord Injury in Switzerland
  Daniela B. Kuchen, Beatrice Hubacher, Andris Ladner, Inge-Marie Velstra, Mario Widmer
  Healthcare.2023; 11(23): 3055.     CrossRef
• Reliability Validity and Responsiveness of the Spinal Cord Independence Measure 4th Version in a Multicultural Setup
  Amiram Catz, Malka Itzkovich, Keren Elkayam, Dianne Michaeli, Ilana Gelernter, Yoav Benjamini, Harvinder Singh Chhabra, Luigi Tesio, Einat Engel-Haber, Emiliana Bizzarini, Claudio Pilati, Giulio Del Popolo, Ilaria Baroncini, Nan Liu, Paulo Margalho, Thaba
  Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation.2022; 103(3): 430.     CrossRef
• Donor activation focused rehabilitation approach to hand closing nerve transfer surgery in individuals with cervical level spinal cord injury
  Lorna C. Kahn, Adam G. Evans, Elspeth J. R. Hill, Ida K. Fox
  Spinal Cord Series and Cases.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
• The Impact of Robotic Therapy on the Self-Perception of Upper Limb Function in Cervical Spinal Cord Injury: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial
  V. Lozano-Berrio, M. Alcobendas-Maestro, B. Polonio-López, A. Gil-Agudo, A. de la Peña-González, A. de los Reyes-Guzmán
  International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2022; 19(10): 6321.     CrossRef
• The Outcomes of Robotic Rehabilitation Assisted Devices Following Spinal Cord Injury and the Prevention of Secondary Associated Complications
  Carmen Delia Nistor-Cseppento, Anamaria Gherle, Nicoleta Negrut, Simona Gabriela Bungau, Anca Maria Sabau, Andrei-Flavius Radu, Alexa Florina Bungau, Delia Mirela Tit, Bogdan Uivaraseanu, Timea Claudia Ghitea, Diana Uivarosan
  Medicina.2022; 58(10): 1447.     CrossRef
• LncRNA Airsci increases the inflammatory response after spinal cord injury in rats through the nuclear factor kappa B signaling pathway
  Tao Zhang, Kang Li, Zi-Lu Zhang, Kai Gao, Chao-Liang Lv
  Neural Regeneration Research.2021; 16(4): 772.     CrossRef
• Do any physiotherapy interventions increase spinal cord independence measure or functional independence measure scores in people with spinal cord injuries? A systematic review
  Lisa A. Harvey, Joanne V. Glinsky, Jackie Chu
  Spinal Cord.2021; 59(7): 705.     CrossRef
• Design and Performance Evaluation of a Hybrid Hand Exoskeleton for Hand Opening/Closing
  Muhammad Ahsan Gull, Shaoping Bai, Jakob Udby Blicher, Tobias Glaston Staermose
  Journal of Medical Devices.2021;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Upper Limb Robotic Rehabilitation for Patients with Cervical Spinal Cord Injury: A Comprehensive Review
  Giovanni Morone, Alessandro de Sire, Alex Martino Cinnera, Matteo Paci, Luca Perrero, Marco Invernizzi, Lorenzo Lippi, Michela Agostini, Irene Aprile, Emanuela Casanova, Dario Marino, Giuseppe La Rosa, Federica Bressi, Silvia Sterzi, Daniele Giansanti, Al
  Brain Sciences.2021; 11(12): 1630.     CrossRef
• Clinical efficacy ofMajoon FalasfaandRoghan-e-Surkhin post-stroke-disability: an open labeled, pre-post analysis
  Izhar Ahmad, Tanzeel Ahmad, Mohd Aleemuddin Quamri
  Drug Metabolism and Drug Interactions.2021; 36(1): 41.     CrossRef
• Clinical efficacy ofMajoon FalasfaandRoghan-e-Surkhin post-stroke-disability: an open labeled, pre-post analysis
  Izhar Ahmad, Tanzeel Ahmad, Mohd Aleemuddin Quamri
  Drug Metabolism and Personalized Therapy.2020;[Epub]     CrossRef

Objective
To assess the role of miRNA-21 and miRNA-223 in a balloon-compression model of spinal cord injury (SCI).
Methods
A total of 50 male Wistar rats (n=50) were divided into the three groups: the group A (n=15, insertion of the unflated Fogarty balloon catheter), the group B (n=15, insertion of the Fogarty balloon catheter at a volume of 20 μL) and the group C (n=15, insertion of the Fogarty balloon catheter at a volume of 50 μL). After the behavioral test, RNA isolation, microRNA expression profiling using microarrays and quantitative polymerase chain reaction, measurements were compared between the three groups.
Results
Despite a lack of significant differences in time-dependent changes in miRNA-21 expression levels between the three groups at 4 hours, there were significant differences in them at 1, 3, and 7 days (p<0.05). Moreover, there were significant differences in time-dependent changes in miRNA-223 expression levels between the three groups at 4 hours and 1, 3, and 7 days (p<0.05). Furthermore, miRNA-223 expression levels reached the highest at 1 day but were decreased with time thereafter in all the three groups.
Conclusion
Expression levels of miRNA-21 and miRNA-223 might be associated with the severity and acute phase of SCI, respectively. It is mandatory, however, to analyze changes in levels of inflammatory markers and the relevant biological pathways.

Citations

• Spinal Cord Injury: From MicroRNAs to Exosomal MicroRNAs
  Xiangyang Xu, Ruyin Liu, Yunpeng Li, Cheng Zhang, Chuanghao Guo, Jiong Zhu, Jiaan Dong, Liyun Ouyang, Mohammad Reza Momeni
  Molecular Neurobiology.2024; 61(8): 5974.     CrossRef
• Long non-coding RNA-small nucleolar RNA host gene 7 regulates inflammatory responses following spinal cord injury by regulating the microRNA-449a/TNF-α-induced protein 3-interacting protein 2 axis
  Chunlei He, Jianhua Xiao, Yongjun Ye, Shiqiao Huang, Yanchun Zhong, Lulin Liu, Wuyang Liu, Sheng Liu
  Bioengineered.2022; 13(4): 10215.     CrossRef
• Improving Diagnostic Workup Following Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury: Advances in Biomarkers
  Simon Schading, Tim M. Emmenegger, Patrick Freund
  Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports.2021;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Serum exosomal microRNA transcriptome profiling in subacute spinal cord injured rats
  Shu-Qin Ding, Yu-Qing Chen, Jing Chen, Sai-Nan Wang, Fei-Xiang Duan, Yu-Jiao Shi, Jian-Guo Hu, He-Zuo Lü
  Genomics.2020; 112(2): 2092.     CrossRef
• Serum exosomal microRNA transcriptome profiling in subacute spinal cord injured rats
  Shu-Qin Ding, Yu-Qing Chen, Jing Chen, Sai-Nan Wang, Fei-Xiang Duan, Yu-Jiao Shi, Jian-Guo Hu, He-Zuo Lü
  Genomics.2020; 112(6): 5086.     CrossRef

Objective
To investigate the effect of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) on neurological and functional recovery in patients with central cord syndrome (CCS) involving the upper extremities between the treated and non-treated sides of the treated group and whether the outcomes are comparable to that of the untreated control group.
Methods
Nineteen CCS patients were treated with high-frequency (20 Hz) rTMS over the motor cortex for 5 days. The stimulation side was randomly selected, and all the subjects received conventional occupational therapy during the rTMS-treatment period. Twenty CCS patients who did not receive rTMS were considered as controls. Clinical assessments, including those by the International Standard for Neurological Classification of Spinal Cord Injury, the Jebsen-Taylor Hand Function Test, and the O'Connor Finger Dexterity Test were performed initially and followed up for 1 month after rTMS treatment or 5 weeks after initial assessments.
Results
The motor scores for upper extremities were increased and the number of improved cases was greater for the treated side in rTMS-treated patients than for the non-treated side in rTMS-treated patients or controls. The improved cases for writing time and score measured on the Jebsen-Taylor Hand Function Test were also significantly greater in number on the rTMS-treated side compared with the non-treated side and controls. There were no adverse effects during rTMS therapy or the follow-up period.
Conclusion
The results of the application of high-frequency rTMS treatment to CCS patients suggest that rTMS can enhance the motor recovery and functional fine motor task performance of the upper extremities in such individuals.

Citations

• Therapeutic efficacy of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on gait and limb balance function in patients with lower limb dysfunction post-cerebral infarction: a systematic review and meta-analysis
  De-mei Jia, Xuan Li, Bin-cang Zhang, Bing-ran Zhang, Qiu-juan Zhang, Ming-wei Liu, Lin-ming Zhang
  BMC Neurology.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Stimulation Parameters Used During Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Motor Recovery and Corticospinal Excitability Modulation in SCI: A Scoping Review
  Nabila Brihmat, Didier Allexandre, Soha Saleh, Jian Zhong, Guang H. Yue, Gail F. Forrest
  Frontiers in Human Neuroscience.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
• rTMS induces analgesia and modulates neuroinflammation and neuroplasticity in neuropathic pain model rats
  Roberta Ströher Toledo, Dirson João Stein, Paulo Roberto Stefani Sanches, Lisiane Santos da Silva, Helouise Richardt Medeiros, Felipe Fregni, Wolnei Caumo, Iraci L.S. Torres
  Brain Research.2021; 1762: 147427.     CrossRef
• Research on Assisting Clinicians to Operate rTMS Precisely Based on the Coil Magnetic Field Spatial Distribution With Magnetic Resonance Imaging Navigation
  Shijun Li, Yi Wang, ShengJie Li, Yanwei Lv, Lei Zhang, Jun Zou, Lin Ma
  Frontiers in Neuroscience.2019;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Effects of Combined Upper Limb Robotic Therapy in Patients With Tetraplegic Spinal Cord Injury
  Joo Hwan Jung, Hye Jin Lee, Duk Youn Cho, Jung-Eun Lim, Bum Suk Lee, Seung Hyun Kwon, Hae Young Kim, Su Jeong Lee
  Annals of Rehabilitation Medicine.2019; 43(4): 445.     CrossRef

Objective
To evaluate the long-term efficacy of mirabegron add-on therapy in patients with spinal cord injury (SCI) based on an urodynamic study.
Methods
This retrospective study involved a chart audit of individuals with SCI who underwent two consecutive urodynamic studies between April 1, 2015 and April 1, 2018. After adding 50 mg of mirabegron once a day to the pre-existing antimuscarinic therapy for a period of, at least 6 months, the following variables were analyzed: change in cystometric capacity, change in bladder compliance, change in maximal detrusor pressure, change in reflex volume, and presence of significant leakage during filling cystometry.
Results
A total of 31 participants with a mean age of 41±15 years were included in the analysis. A significant increase in cystometric capacity (mean, 362 to 424 mL; p=0.03), reflex volume (mean, 251 to 329 mL; p=0.02), and bladder compliance (median, 12 to 18 mL/cmH2O; p=0.04) was observed. The presence of leakage during filling cystometry was significantly reduced (29% to 10%; p=0.03). Likewise, a non-significant decrease in the change in maximal detrusor pressure was observed (mean, 31 to 27 cmH2O; p=0.39).
Conclusion
Adding mirabegron to conventional antimuscarinics further improved urodynamic parameters in patients with chronic SCI, and sustained efficacy was observed in long-term use.

Citations

• Mirabegron in the treatment of neurogenic detrusor overactivity: pharmacological and clinical aspects
  Igor V. Kuzmin
  Urology reports (St. - Petersburg).2025; 15(1): 51.     CrossRef
• Drug Repurposing for Spinal Cord Injury: Progress Towards Therapeutic Intervention for Primary Factors and Secondary Complications
  Lahanya Guha, Hemant Kumar
  Pharmaceutical Medicine.2023; 37(6): 463.     CrossRef
• Management of the Devastated Female Urethra
  Anne Shirley Hoselton, Paige Kuhlmann, Ramy Goueli
  Current Bladder Dysfunction Reports.2023; 18(4): 293.     CrossRef
• Bowel and Bladder Care in Patients With Spinal Cord Injury
  Eren O. Kuris, Daniel Alsoof, Camilo Osorio, Alan H. Daniels
  Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons.2022; 30(6): 263.     CrossRef
• Urological Care After Spinal Cord Injury
  Gamal Ghoniem, Dena Moskowitz, Catherine Nguyen
  Current Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Reports.2022; 10(2): 89.     CrossRef
• Efficacy and safety of mirabegron for treatment of neurogenic detrusor overactivity in adults with spinal cord injury or multiple sclerosis: a systematic review
  Yesim Akkoc
  Spinal Cord.2022; 60(10): 854.     CrossRef
• Urogenital dysfunction following neurotrauma
  Udit Saraf, Anand Kumar A, Jalesh N. Panicker
  Current Opinion in Neurology.2022; 35(6): 753.     CrossRef

Objective
To assess the nutritional status of Korean patients with spinal cord injury (SCI), identify the predictors of undernutrition, and investigate the relationship between undernutrition and clinical outcomes.
Methods
A retrospective study design was used to determine the nutritional status of 130 patients over 19 years old admitted to the rehabilitation hospital of Yonsei University Health System between June 2015 and February 2017. The nutritional status was assessed using the malnutrition universal screening tool (MUST) and the spinal nutrition screening tool (SNST). The relationship between undernutrition and clinical outcomes was examined by comparing a low-risk group with an at-risk group using a t-test.
Results
Among the SCI patients, 70 (50.8%) were confirmed with undernutrition based on the MUST scores, while 60 (46.2%) had undernutrition based on the SNST scores. It was found that undernutrition has an effect on functional outcomes.
Conclusion
We assessed the undernutrition risk in Korean SCI patients, and found that approximately 50% of the patients were at risk of undernutrition. We also found that undernutrition can affect functional recovery.

Citations

• Multifaceted Pathophysiology and Secondary Complications of Chronic Spinal Cord Injury: Focus on Pressure Injury
  Mario Martínez-Torija, Pedro F. Esteban, Angela Santos-De-La-Mata, Matilde Castillo-Hermoso, Eduardo Molina-Holgado, Rafael Moreno-Luna
  Journal of Clinical Medicine.2025; 14(5): 1556.     CrossRef
• Nutritional alterations, adverse consequences, and comprehensive assessment in spinal cord injury: a review
  Zehui Li, Xiaoxin Wang, Yan Yu, Yingli Jing, Huayong Du, Wubo Liu, Chunjia Zhang, Zuliyaer Talifu, Xin Xu, Yunzhu Pan, Jianjun Li
  Frontiers in Nutrition.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Strategies to mitigate muscle mass loss in individuals with spinal cord injury
  Astrid M.H. Horstman, Janneke M. Stolwijk-Swüste, Luc J.C. van Loon, Sonja de Groot
  The Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine.2025; : 1.     CrossRef
• Defining malnutrition in persons with spinal cord injury – does the Global Criteria for Malnutrition work?
  Hanne Bjørg Slettahjell, Maria Bastakis, Fin Biering-Sørensen, Vegard Strøm, Christine Henriksen
  Food & Nutrition Research.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Significance of physical factors on activities of daily living in patients with tetraplegia after spinal cord injury: a retrospective study
  Kimin Yun, Jin-cheol Lim, Onyoo Kim
  BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• The risk of malnutrition in patients with spinal cord injury during inpatient rehabilitation–A longitudinal cohort study
  Irene Flury, Gabi Mueller, Claudio Perret
  Frontiers in Nutrition.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Predictive validity of the Mini Nutritional Assessment Short‐Form for rehabilitation patients: A retrospective analysis of the Japan Rehabilitation Nutrition Database
  Shinta Nishioka, Hidetaka Wakabayashi, Jun Kayashita, Yutaka Taketani, Ryo Momosaki
  Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics.2021; 34(5): 881.     CrossRef

Objective
To analyze the respiratory function of high cervical cord injury according to ventilator dependence and to examine the correlations between diaphragm movement found on fluoroscopy and sensory and motor functions.
Methods
A total of 67 patients with high cervical spinal cord injury (SCI), admitted to our hospital were enrolled in the study. One rehabilitation physician performed sensory and motor examinations on all patients while each patient was in the supine position on the American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) standard. In addition, fluoroscopic diaphragm movement studies and bedside spirometry were performed.
Results
Bedside spirometry and diaphragm fluoroscopic tests were analyzed according to ventilator dependence. Forced vital capacity and maximal inspiratory pressure were significantly higher in the ventilator weaned group. Natural breathing during the fluoroscopic diaphragm examinations and ventilator weaning showed statistical significance with the movement on the right, while deep breathing showed statistical significance with the movement on both sides. Deep breathing movement has correlation with the C5 key muscle. Diaphragm movement has correlation with right C3 and bilateral C4 sensory functions.
Conclusion
The present expansion study showed that, through simple bedside physical examinations, rehabilitation physicians could relatively easily predict diaphragm movement and respiratory function recovery, which showed significance with ventilator weaning in patients with high cervical SCI.

Citations

• Predicting extubation in patients with traumatic cervical spinal cord injury using the diaphragm electrical activity during a single maximal maneuver
  Rui Zhang, Xiaoting Xu, Hui Chen, Jennifer Beck, Christer Sinderby, Haibo Qiu, Yi Yang, Ling Liu
  Annals of Intensive Care.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Respiratory Complications and Weaning Considerations for Patients with Spinal Cord Injuries: A Narrative Review
  Kristopher A. Hendershot, Kristine H. O’Phelan
  Journal of Personalized Medicine.2022; 13(1): 97.     CrossRef
• Separation from mechanical ventilation and survival after spinal cord injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis
  Annia F. Schreiber, Jacopo Garlasco, Fernando Vieira, Yie Hui Lau, Dekel Stavi, David Lightfoot, Andrea Rigamonti, Karen Burns, Jan O. Friedrich, Jeffrey M. Singh, Laurent J. Brochard
  Annals of Intensive Care.2021;[Epub]     CrossRef

Citations

• Stability of ischial pressure with 3D thermoplastic elastomer cushion and the characteristics of four types of cushions in pressure redistribution
  Yoshiyuki Yoshikawa, Kyoko Nagayoshi, Noriaki Maeshige, Atomu Yamaguchi, Yuki Aoyama, Shuto Takita, Teppei Wada, Masayuki Tanaka, Hiroto Terashi, Yuma Sonoda
  Drug Discoveries & Therapeutics.2024; 18(3): 188.     CrossRef
• Padding the seat of a wheelchair reduces ischial pressure and improves sitting comfort
  Yoshiyuki Yoshikawa, Kiyo Sasaki, Kyoko Nagayoshi, Kenta Nagai, Yuki Aoyama, Shuto Takita, Teppei Wada, Yoshinori Kitade
  Drug Discoveries & Therapeutics.2024; 18(5): 314.     CrossRef
• 3D finite-element modeling of air-cell-based cushions and buttock tissues during prolonged sitting
  Chenhao Yu, Joel Martin Sacris, Yan Gai, Chi Hou Lei
  Computers in Biology and Medicine.2022; 142: 105229.     CrossRef
• Evaluation of interface pressure and temperature management in five wheelchair seat cushions and their effects on user satisfaction
  Pablo García-Molina, Sergio Roig Casasus, Enrique Sanchis-Sánchez, Evelin Balaguer-López, Manuel Ruescas-López, José-María Blasco
  Journal of Tissue Viability.2021; 30(3): 402.     CrossRef