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"Smoking"

Original Articles
The Cigarette Smoking of Community-dwelling Persons with Spinal Cord Injury.
Leigh, Ja Ho , Koh, Eun Sil , Kim, Jung Yoon , Shin, Hyung Ik
J Korean Acad Rehabil Med 2010;34(1):34-40.
Objective
To find out the actual state of smoking, which is one of major risk factors of cardiovascular diseases after spinal cord injury (SCI), of community-dwelling persons with SCI, and the differences of smoking behaviors from general populations. Method: The persons with SCI living in community drew up a self-report paper-based questionnaires which were made up based on The third Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey questionnaires for data comparisons. Demographic data, smoking duration, amount, cessation attempt and plan were asked. Results: Questionnaires were sent to 459 persons with SCI and 332 persons from twenties to sixties were finally analysed. In men, the lifetime smoking rates of SCI subjects in their forties and fifties were lower and the current smoking rate of tetraplegic subjects in their forties and fifties were lower than those of general population. But the amount of smoking and attempt to stop smoking were of no differences. In women, there were no significant differences in all parameters. Conclusion: There were no significant differences in smoking rates and amounts between SCI patients and general populations, but smokers with SCI showed weak intention to cease smoking. (J Korean Acad Rehab Med 2010; 34: 34-40)
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Useful Laboratory Protocols for Screening Test for Chronic Low Back Pain Patients.
Kang, Jung Hun , Sin, Soo Beom , Kim, Kweon Young
J Korean Acad Rehabil Med 2009;33(1):84-88.
Objective
To estimate association between laboratory findings such as serum lipid panel, urine pH, alkaline phosphatase, lactic acid and chronic low back pain patients. Method: A sample (n=112) of blue color employees in an engineering company were divided into three groups, degenerative herniated disc patients, degenerative spondylosis patients and radiculopathy patients. Each group was examined for the correlation between several factors and chronic low back pain. Several factors including laboratory findings with serum total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, triglyceride, urine PH, alkaline phosphatase, lactic acid and smoking were analysed. Results: There was no association between the baseline total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, alkaline phosphatase, urine pH, lactic acid and chronic low back pain. However, the triglyceride levels were significantly higher in degenerative herniated disc patients, degenerative spondylosis patients and smokers. Conclusion: High serum triglyceride predicted incident degenerative chronic low back pain. (J Korean Acad Rehab Med 2009; 33: 84-88)
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Measurement of Skin Temperature Alteration Caused by Smoking Using Digital Infrared Thermal Imaging.
Cho, Kil Ho , Jee, Myung Joon , Han, Seung Sang , Ha, Tae Yoon , Seon, Kwang Jin
J Korean Acad Rehabil Med 1998;22(1):113-117.

Digital infrared thermal imaging(DITI) has been proposed as a diagnostic aid in patient with many disease entities, such as the cardiovascular, the neurologic, the musculoskeletal diseases and so on. Supporters of thermography state that normal patients have the normal thermograms and abnormal patients have the abnormal thermograms. The purpose of this study was to determine how much a cigarette will affect skin temperature change in the course of normal day's smoking.

Twenty one healthy smokers(mean age, 27.4⁑5.1 years old) and fourteen nonsmokers(mean age, 24.4⁑1.6 years old) took parts in the study. All were male. The cigarette consumption averaged 14.0 per day. Smokers maintained their smoking habit in the ambient temperature before on initial measurement and smoked a cigarette in the controlled laboratory room. Measurements were taken for 5 minutes, 1 hour and 2 hours afterward. The skin temperature of the face, the both palms and the both soles was measured using Dorex digital infrared thermal imaging system.

In all sessions, the skin temperature was higher on the face and lower on the sole. There were no significant differences of skin temperature on both sides of body in all subjects(p>0.05). The skin temperature of all measured parts was significantly lower in the smoking group before and 5 minutes after smoking(p<0.01). There were no significant differences of skin temperature between smoker and nonsmoker after 1 hour of smoking(p>0.01).

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