Objective
The purpose of this study was to analysis the medial longitudinal arch of the foot with simple radiography Method: We reviewed 387 feet of 219 patients with no deformity who took weight-bearing foot simple radiography. Foot length, length from talonavicular joint to posterior heel (TN), length from cuneonavicular joint to posterior heel (CN), length from cuneiform-metatarsal joint to posterior heel (CM) were measured with the digital imaging and communication in medicine (DICOM) files of the picture archiving communication system (PACS) (PiViewSTAR^Ⱂ, INFINITT, Korea).Results: There was significant correlation of foot length and relative location of joints of medial longitudinal arch. In males, relative value to foot length of TN, CN, CM was 39.86⁑0.97%, 45.97⁑1.20%, and 57.12⁑1.15% respectively. In females, relative value to foot length of TN, CN, CM was 39.41⁑1.19%, 47.12⁑1.44%, and 56.51⁑1.37% respectively. There were significant differences between men and women for location of joints of medial longitudinal arch. Conclusion: Location of joints of the medial longitudinal arch of the foot can be given a numerical value. (J Korean Acad Rehab Med 2005; 29: 119-121)

Objective
To evaluate and quantify the medial longitudinal arch of foot using a 3-D foot scanner and 3-D arch measurement program. Method: 997 subjects (363 men and 634 women) were selected. The foot length, width, girth and medial longitudinal arch parameters were measured with a 3-D foot scanner (Nexcan^Ⱂ, K&I, Korea), analysis software (EnFOOT^Ⱂ, K&I, Korea) and 3-D measurement program of the medial longitudinal arch. Results: The mean arch lengths were 100.3 mm for men, 90.4 mm for women. The mean arch height and arch volume in both genders were 14.7 mm, 12.1 mm and 10.3 cm³, 6.0 cm³, respectively. We compared the arch parameters of both genders by univariate analysis of variance and in most cases the parameters of men were larger than those of women. Moderate positive relationships were found between foot length and arch width of talonavicular joint in cases of men, foot length and length from heel point to distal arch point in both genders (Pearson correlation coefficient＞0.3, p＜0.01). Conclusion: We evaluated the medial longitudinal arch of Korean feet three dimensionally. These data sould be a useful reference for making shoes, insoles, and orthoses. (J Korean Acad Rehab Med 2004; 28: 469-476)

Objective
To evaluate the influence of weight-bearing on foot shape measured by 3-D foot scanner. Method: Forty-two feet of twenty-one normal subjects were studied. The foot length, width, girth and arch parameters under non weight-bearing and weight-bearing conditions were measured by 3-D foot scanner (Nexcan^Ⱂ, K & I, Korea), analysis software (EnFOOT^Ⱂ, K & I, Korea) and 3-D foot arch measurement program. Results: The foot length, ball width, ball girth, waist girth, instep girth, short heel girth, long heel girth and length from heel point to proximal arch point significantly increased under weight-bearing condition (p＜0.01). However, vamp height, waist height, instep height, length of arch, height of arch, width of arch, length from heel point to distal arch point, maximal arch height and volume of arch were significantly decreased under 50% weight-bearing condition (p＜0.01). Conclusion: Foot parameters associated with length, width and girth increased but volume, width, length, and height of medial longitudinal arch decreased under weight bearing condition. We suggest that these findings under weight- bearing condition result from the pronation of subtalar joint and the decrement of heights of transverse and longitudinal arch heights. (J Korean Acad Rehab Med 2004; 28: 462-468)

Objective
To compare the foot pressure of the insole with medial longitudinal arch support and metatarsal pad and insole with medial longitudinal arch support only. Method: Thirty three normal subjects participated in this study. Insole were fabricated by Hana-meditec company after shaping the subjects' foot. The left insole had only medial longitudinal arch support and right insole had medial longitudinal arch support with metatarsal pad. Bare foot pressure were measured by EMED system^Ⱂ during comfortable gait. Shoes were manufactured by Osan University. Foot pressure in the shoes was measured by PEDAR system^Ⱂ during comfortable gait. Plantar pressure were analyzed by PEDAR C-expert program at T0 (whole foot), M1 (heel), M2 (midfoot), M3 (1st and 2nd metatarsal area), M4 (3rd, 4th and 5th metatarsal area), M5 (great toe), M6 (2nd and 3rd toes area), and M7 (4th and 5th toes area) zone. Results: Right bare foot plantar peak pressure was identical with left side. Right plantar peak pressure with metatarsal pad in shoes was lower than left side with medial longitudinal arch support only at M1, M2 and M4 zone. Conclusion: For reducing the plantar peak pressure, the insole with medial longitudinal arch support and metatarsal pad were better than the insole with medial longitudinal arch support only. (J Korean Acad Rehab Med 2004; 28: 94-97)