Annals of Rehabilitation Medicine

"Language disorders"

Original Articles

Pediatric rehabilitation

Effects and Predictors of Two-Person Small Group Speech Therapy in Children With Language Disorder: A Retrospective Observational Study: Chang Hee Lee, Jecheon Seong, Yun Jung Lee, Jeonghun Kim, Aram Kim; Ann Rehabil Med 2025;49(6):392-399. Published online December 31, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5535/arm.250123

Abstract
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Objective
To investigate the effects of small group speech therapy consisting of two children in aspects of language and social development and identify powerful predictors for maximal therapeutic gains of two-person small-group speech therapy (2-SST).
Methods
We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 51 children, who had participated in 2-SST. Language and social abilities of children were assessed using multiple scales at initial and follow-up visits after participating in 2-SST program. Receptive and expressive language were measured using the Preschool Receptive-Expressive Language Scale and the Receptive-Expressive Vocabulary Test, while social abilities were assessed with the Social Maturity Scale.
Results
Participants in the 2-SST showed significant improvements in all categories of receptive/ expressive language and social abilities. Multivariable linear regression analysis revealed that the same diagnosis and baseline receptive language ability difference and intellectual ability difference from paired-child were powerful predictors of improvement in receptive language ability. Younger age (≤5 years) was a powerful predictor of improvement in expressive language ability. Older age (>5 years) was an independent predictor of improvement in social ability.
Conclusion
The 2-SST can be an appropriate delivery model to improve language and social skills with advantages of both individual and group speech therapy. For maximal therapeutic gains of 2-SST, same diagnosis, similar language and cognitive level with paired-child, and age should be considered depending on the more specific goals of treatment.

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Pediatric rehabilitation

Correlation of Language Assessment Batteries of Toddlers With Developmental Language Delay: Jin A Yoon, Shin Wook An, Ye Seul Choi, Jae Sik Seo, Seon Jun Yoon, Soo-Yeon Kim, Yong Beom Shin; Ann Rehabil Med 2022;46(5):256-262. Published online October 31, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5535/arm.22045

Abstract
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Objective
To analyze the correlation between standardized language assessment batteries of toddlers and developmental language delays.
Methods
A total of 319 children with suspected language developmental delays were enrolled in this study retrospectively. They underwent the Receptive and Expressive Vocabulary Test (REVT) for vocabulary development assessment and at least one of two language assessment batteries: The Sequenced Language Scale for Infants (SELSI) or the Preschool Receptive-Expressive Language Scale (PRES) for language development assessment. The correlation of the results for receptive and expressive language between the scales were analyzed.
Results
The participants were divided into two groups: SELSI and REVT (n=45) and PRES and REVT (n=273). When the children’s results were classified into groups (average, mild delay, and delay), receptive and expressive scores were significantly correlated with each other in both SELSI-REVT and PRES-REVT groups. In addition, the correlation of mean developmental age between tests are analyzed. In the SELSI-REVT group, there was weak correlation of mean developmental age between tests for receptive and expressive language. In the PRES-REVT group, there was a strong positive correlation of mean developmental age for receptive and expressive language in children aged >36 months. Attention deficits during the test was found to be the statistically significant factor affecting the differences between the tests. The odds ratios for receptive and expressive language were 2.60 (95% confidence interval,1.15–5.84) and 1.94 (95% confidence interval, 1.15–3.27), respectively.
Conclusion
This study examined the correlations and influencing factors between language development evaluation tools for toddlers. An integrated interpretation of comprehensive language and vocabulary evaluation tools may be possible in children older than 3 years of language developmental age.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Comparison of One-Year auditory rehabilitation outcomes by etiology in pediatric patients with bilateral severe hearing loss (70–90 dB): enlarged vestibular aqueduct vs. Other causes
Seung Jae Lee, Junhyung Bae, Do Hyun Chung, Heonjeong Oh, Jin Hee Han, Yehree Kim, Byung Yoon Choi
European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology.2026; 283(1): 149. CrossRef
Gene signatures and genotype-phenotype correlations of sensorineural hearing loss in Noonan syndrome and related RASopathies
Seung Jae Lee, Sohyang Jeong, Somin Lee, Seong Ho Jung, Myung-Whan Suh, Jae-Jin Song, Jun Ho Lee, Jung Min Ko, Moo Kyun Park, Sang-Yeon Lee
Scientific Reports.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Early Postoperative Benefits in Receptive and Expressive Language Development After Cochlear Implantation Under 9 Months of Age in Comparison to Implantation at Later Ages
Seung Jae Lee, Heonjeong Oh, Kyu Ha Shin, Sung-Min Park, Yun Kyeong Kim, Do Hyun Jung, Jiyeon Yang, Yejun Chun, Min Young Kim, Jin Hee Han, Ju Ang Kim, Ngoc-Trinh Tran, Bong Jik Kim, Byung Yoon Choi
Clinical and Experimental Otorhinolaryngology.2024; 17(1): 46. CrossRef
Early Neurodevelopmental Assessments of Neonates Discharged From the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit: A Physiatrist’s Perspective
Sung Eun Hyun, Jeong-Yi Kwon, Bo Young Hong, Jin A Yoon, Ja Young Choi, Jiyeon Hong, Seong-Eun Koh, Eun Jae Ko, Seung Ki Kim, Min-Keun Song, Sook-Hee Yi, AhRa Cho, Bum Sun Kwon
Annals of Rehabilitation Medicine.2023; 47(3): 147. CrossRef

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Correlations Between Values of Articulation Tests and Language Tests for Children With Articulation Disorder in Korea: Kwang Min Choi, Seung Don Yoo, Dong Hwan Kim, Jin Mann Chon, Seung Ah Lee, Young Rok Han, Myung Chul Yoo, Jae Joon Lee, Miryeong Yang, Young Hwa Choi, Min Ji Jung; Ann Rehabil Med 2019;43(4):483-489. Published online August 31, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5535/arm.2019.43.4.483

Abstract
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Objective
To evaluate correlations between values of articulation tests and language tests for children with articulation disorder in Korea.
Methods
Data of outpatients with chief complaint of an articulation problem were retrospectively collected. Patients who underwent Urimal Test of Articulation and Phonation (U-TAP) with Assessment of Phonology and Articulation for Children (APAC), Preschool Receptive-Expressive Language Scale (PRES), or Receptive and Expressive Vocabulary Test (REVT) simultaneously were identified. Patients whose word-level percentages of correct consonants in U-TAP (UTAP_wC) were more than 2 standard deviations below the mean as diagnostic criteria for articulation disorder were selected. Those whose receptive language age (P_RLA), expressive language age (P_ELA), or combined language age (P_CLA) in PRES was delayed more than 24 months compared to their chronological age in months as diagnostic criteria for language disorder were excluded.
Results
Thirty-three children aged 3–6 years were enrolled retrospectively. PRES and U-TAP showed significant correlations for most of value relationships. PRES and APAC showed significant correlations for all value relationships except for receptive language age. All values of REVT were significantly correlated with all values from U-TAP, but not with any value from APAC. Articulation tests U-TAP and APAC showed significant correlations between percentages of correct consonants. Language tests PRES and REVT showed significant correlations for all value relationships.
Conclusion
This study suggests that articulation abilities and language abilities might be correlated in children with articulation disorder.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Speech Sound Development in Preterm Children Aged 3–4 Years: A Retrospective Observational Study
Sae Mi Hong, Hyun Sub Sim, Eun Jae Ko, Young Tae Kim, Dongsun Yim, Seunghee Ha
Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research.2026; 69(3): 860. CrossRef
Effect of Oxcarbazepine on Language Function in Patients With Newly Diagnosed Pediatric Epilepsy
Min Jeong Han, Ju Hong Min, Sun Jun Kim
Journal of Clinical Neurology.2023; 19(1): 76. CrossRef
Association Between the Language Development and Behavioral-Emotional Problems in Children With Ankyloglossia
Jong Hwan Lee, Su Il Kim, Seul Ah Lee, Tae Hoon Kim, Young-Gyu Eun, Young Chan Lee
Korean Journal of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery.2023; 66(7): 462. CrossRef
Correlation of Language Assessment Batteries of Toddlers With Developmental Language Delay
Jin A Yoon, Shin Wook An, Ye Seul Choi, Jae Sik Seo, Seon Jun Yoon, Soo-Yeon Kim, Yong Beom Shin
Annals of Rehabilitation Medicine.2022; 46(5): 256. CrossRef
Dynamic Hemitongue Defect Reconstruction With Functional Gracilis Muscle Free Transfer
Hojin Park, Joo Seok Park, Woo Shik Jeong, Jong Woo Choi
Annals of Plastic Surgery.2021; 86(3): 308. CrossRef
Clinical Utility of Repeated Urimal Test of Articulation and Phonation for Patients with Childhood Apraxia of Speech
Jung-Hae Yun, So-Min Shin, Su-Min Son
Children.2021; 8(12): 1106. CrossRef
Characteristics of Functional Speech Sound Disorders in Korean Children
Min Jeong Han, Sun Jun Kim
Annals of Child Neurology.2021; 30(1): 8. CrossRef
Postural Facial Deformation and Virtual Fit of Non-Invasive Ventilation Mask in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: A Case-Control Observational Pilot Study
Hayoung Jung, Soo-Yeon Kim, Xin Cui, Wonsup Lee, Dohoon Kwon, Ji-Won Seo, Hyun-Yoon Ko, Sang Hun Kim, Ra Yu Yun, Heecheon You, Sungchul Huh
SSRN Electronic Journal .2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Comparison of simple frenotomy with 4-flap Z-frenuloplasty in treatment for ankyloglossia with articulation difficulty: A prospective randomized study
Tae Hoon Kim, Young Chan Lee, Seung Don Yoo, Seung Ah Lee, Young-Gyu Eun
International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology.2020; 136: 110146. CrossRef

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Speech and Linguistic Features of Children With Articulation Disorder: Jiyong Kim, Seong Woo Kim, Ha Ra Jeon, Mee Ryung Woo, Hyo In Kim; Ann Rehabil Med 2017;41(5):836-842. Published online October 31, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5535/arm.2017.41.5.836

Abstract
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Objective

To analyze speech and linguistic features in children with articulation disorder characterized by consonant and vowel phonological errors.

Methods

Between February 2007 and June 2015, 117 children who showed articulation disorder were selected for the study. Based on comprehensive speech and language assessments, the subjects were classified into articulation dysfunction (AD), or AD overlapping with language delay. Detailed information of articulation, including percentage of consonants correct (PCC) and normal percentage of variable consonants derived from the Assessment of Phonology and Articulation for Children test, were compared between the two groups.

Results

Totally, 55 children were diagnosed as AD and 62 as AD with language delay. Mean PCC was not significantly different between the two groups. In both groups, the acquisition order of consonants followed the universal developmental sequence. However, differences were observed in the nasal & plosive consonants abnormality between the two groups. When adjusted to their delayed language level in AD with language delay group, 53% of children had appropriate articulation function for their expressive language level.

Conclusion

Speech and linguistic characteristics in children with articulation disorder were variable. Therefore, comprehensive assessment is required in children with inaccurate pronunciation, and a proper treatment plan based on the results of assessment should be followed.

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Application of Dual Route Model in Reading Korean Words in the Acquired Dyslexic Patient after Stroke.: Pyun, Sung Bom , Jung, Hanyoung , Nam, Kichun , Kim, Myeong Ok , Cho, Kyungduk , Jung, Jaebeom , Son, Hyojung; J Korean Acad Rehabil Med 2005;29(1):23-31.

Abstract
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Objective
To investigate whether the dual route model is applicable to Korean word reading in acquired dyslexia after stroke. Method: Sixty-two year old patient with dyslexia after left inferior temporal and occipital lobe infarct was evaluated according to the lexical processing. After evaluation of general cognitive and language function, visual perception, semantic, and lexical stages were assessed. Results: Visual perception was appropriate, and semantic categorization and picture-word matching tasks were 80.6% and 78.6% correct, respectively. Lexical decision task showed no significant differences within word classes, exceptshorter reaction time in reading words of Korean origin than those of chinese origin (p＜0.05). The patient was able to read only 39.8% of tested words, and he could not read all the non-words. Reading of high frequency word was superior (65.4%) to that of low frequency words (10.9%) and semantic errors were not remarkable (p＜0.05). Conclusion: The patient showed characteristics of recovery from deep to phonologic dyslexia with impairment of grapheme to phoneme conversion (GPC) route. These findings support that dual route model is applicable to Korean word reading. (J Korean Acad Rehab Med 2005; 29: 23-31)