Annals of Rehabilitation Medicine

Diagnostic Significance of Fibrin Degradation Products and D-Dimer in Patients With Breast Cancer-Related Lymphedema: Sang Hyeong Ryu, Sang Won Min, Jae Ho Kim, Ho Joong Jeong, Ghi Chan Kim, Dong Kyu Kim, Young-Joo Sim; Ann Rehabil Med 2019;43(1):81-86. Published online February 28, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5535/arm.2019.43.1.81

Abstract
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Objective
To find out whether levels of fibrin degradation products (FDP) and D-dimer are increased in breast cancer-related lymphedema (BCRL) as in many vascular diseases. FDP and D-dimer have been used in blood tests to help differentiate deep vein thrombosis in the diagnosis of lymphedema. Levels of FDP and D-dimer are often elevated in patients with BCRL.
Methods
Patients with BCRL (group I), non-lymphedema after breast cancer treatment (group II), and deep venous thrombosis (group III) from January 2012 to December 2016 were enrolled. Levels of FDP and D-dimer were measured in all groups and compared among groups.
Results
Mean values of FDP and D-dimer of group I were 5.614±12.387 and 1.179±2.408 μg/μL, respectively. These were significantly higher than their upper normal limits set in our institution. Levels of FDP or D-dimer were not significantly different between group I and group II. However, values of FDP and D-dimer in group III were significantly higher than those in group I.
Conclusion
Values of FDP and D-dimer were much higher in patients with thrombotic disease than those in patients with lymphedema. Thus, FDP and D-dimer can be used to differentiate between DVT and lymphedema. However, elevated levels of FDP or D-dimer cannot indicate the occurrence of lymphedema.

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Prevalence and Prognostic Role of Lymphedema in Patients with Deep Venous Thrombosis and Thrombophlebitis
Alexandru Grigorean, Nicole Lindenblatt, Isabelle Luchsinger, Lukas Hobohm, Stavros V. Konstantinides, Thomas Münzel, Stefano Barco, Karsten Keller
Lymphatic Research and Biology.2024; 22(1): 20. CrossRef
Evaluation of Anticoagulant Effect of Alum in Rats
Muhammad Hassan Ali Khan, Ghazala Bibi, Hira Siyar, Haji Bahadar
Pakistan BioMedical Journal.2024; : 02. CrossRef
Association of medical comorbidities in obese subjects diagnosed with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia
Matthew Darok, Alexander Daly, Vonn Walter, Conrad Krawiec
SAGE Open Medicine.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Integration of nanobiosensors into organ-on-chip systems for monitoring viral infections
Jiande Zhang, Min-Hyeok Kim, Seulgi Lee, Sungsu Park
Nano Convergence.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Postmastectomy phlebothrombosis and methods of physical therapy
V. V. Zhavoronkova, T. I. Grushina, N. P. Aleksandrova
Fizioterapevt (Physiotherapist).2023; (4): 7. CrossRef
Relationship between plasma fibrinogen degradation products(FDP) and D-dimer levels and disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis: A STROBE compliant article
FuYong Qiang, Hui Xu, Jun Sheng
Medicine.2022; 101(36): e30455. CrossRef
D-Dimer: A Potential Solution to Problems of Cancer Screening, Surveillance, and Prognosis Assessment
Nabeel A Siddiqui, Mushrin Malik, Ransirini Wijeratne Fernando, Archana Sreekantan Nair, Janan Illango, Rajvi Gor, Pousette Hamid
Cureus.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation Score and Sepsis-induced Coagulopathy Score in Prediction of COVID-19 Severity: A Retrospective Analysis
Mayank Kapoor, Prasan Kumar Panda, Lokesh Kumar Saini, Yogesh Bahurupi
Indian Journal of Critical Care Medicine.2021; 25(12): 1357. CrossRef
The association of D-dimer with clinicopathological features of breast cancer and its usefulness in differential diagnosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Yan Lu, LongYi Zhang, QiaoHong Zhang, YongJun Zhang, DeBao Chen, JianJie Lou, JinWen Jiang, ChaoXiang Ren, Elda Tagliabue
PLOS ONE.2019; 14(9): e0221374. CrossRef
Effects of Different Bandaging Methods for Treating Patients With Breast Cancer-Related Lymphedema
Se Hyun Oh, Sung Hwan Ryu, Ho Joong Jeong, Jung Hyun Lee, Young-Joo Sim
Annals of Rehabilitation Medicine.2019; 43(6): 677. CrossRef

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Deep Vein Thrombosis Associated with May-Thurner Syndrome in an Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Patient -A Case Report-: Dong Kyu Kim, Jung Hoi Koo, Sun Hong Song, Jong Hyeog Lee; Ann Rehabil Med 2011;35(3):441-444. Published online June 30, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5535/arm.2011.35.3.441

Abstract
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There have been a few reports on deep vein thrombosis (DVT) associated with compression of the left common iliac vein by the right common iliac artery, referred to as May-Thurner syndrome (MTS). However, there have been no reports on DVT associated with MTS in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patients exhibiting similar clinical features to paraplegic spinal cord injury patients. We hereby report a case of DVT associated with MTS in an ALS patient, who was treated successfully.

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May-Thurner Syndrome: An Unusual Case of Unilateral Severe Deep Vein Thrombosis in a Middle-Aged Women
Ranjan Basu, Manohar Reddy, Ahmed Kaabneh, Aya Mohamedelamin Khidir Ahmed, Shrirang Bamne
Cureus.2024;[Epub] CrossRef

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Improvement of the Femoral Venous Flow after Passive Exercise of the Paralytic Lower Limb in Stroke Patients.: Ko, Myoung Hwan , Kim, Seong Kyun , Park, Sung Hee , Seo, Jeong Hwan; J Korean Acad Rehabil Med 2009;33(1):59-63.

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Objective
To study the effects of a passive exercise in hemiplegic lower limb on the blood flow velocity in the femoral vein compared with functional electrical stimulation. Method: Twenty stroke patients (men 11, women 9) were enrolled. The patients lied down on a table for 15 minutes. Then the investigator performed passive exercise, flexion and extension of the hip, knee and ankle joint of the hemiplegic limb, for 5 minutes with frequency of 1 Hz. At least 24 hours later, functional electrical stimulation was performed to tibialis anterior and gastrocnemius muscles for 20 minutes. We collected the peak blood velocities of the femoral vein before and 0, 15, 30, 45, and 60 minutes after each procedure. Results: The peak blood flow velocities of the femoral vein before passive exercise were 10.3±1.34 cm/sec and 15.4± 2.22, 14.5±1.86, 13.0±1.58, 11.4±1.23, 10.4±1.17 cm/sec at 0, 15, 30, 45, 60 minutes after exercise. There were significant differences until 30 minutes after exercise (p＜0.01). The velocities of the femoral vein were 10.6±1.36, 18.2±2.34, 16.6±2.1, 14.6±1.7, 12.6±1.7, 11.5±1.5 cm/sec for before and 0, 15, 30, 45, 60 minutes after functional electrical stimulation. There were significant differences until 45 minutes after FES (p＜0.01). Conclusion: The passive exercise of hemiplegic lower limb for 5 minutes was effective for increase of femoral blood flow. It may be a good method for preventing a DVT after stroke. (J Korean Acad Rehab Med 2009; 33: 59-63)

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Coagulation Status of the Post-acute Spinal Cord Injured Patients.: Shin, Jeong Bum , Ko, Hyun Yoon , Sohn, Hyun Joo , Lee, Kyung Mi , Han, Ji Eui , Shin, Yong Beom , Chang, Jae Hyeok , Park, Ji Sang; J Korean Acad Rehabil Med 2006;30(6):560-564.

Abstract
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Objective
Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is one of the most common complications of acute spinal cord injury (SCI). It is well known that the incidence of DVT in post-acute SCI patients decreases to a level similar to that in the general population. The aim of this study was to evaluate the blood coagulation status and the possibility of DVT occurrence in post-acute SCI patients. Method: Twenty-three SCI patients (SCI group) were included in this study. Ten patients having spinal fracture with no evidence of SCI were used as the control group. Coagulation status was examined using factor VIII antigen, factor VIII procoagulant, fibrinogen, D-dimer, protein C, and protein S in both groups. Duplex ultrasonography was performed for the diagnosis of DVT. Results: Prevalence of the abnormally decreased protein S level was significantly high in the SCI group (87%) than in the control group (30%). Prevalence of the abnormally increased F VIII:Ag, F VIII:C, and fibrinogen levels in the SCI group were significantly high in the SCI group (p＜0.05). Conclusion: We conclude that post-acute SCI patients may have hypercoagulability. Proper physical prevention and thromboprophylaxis should be considered in post-acute SCI patients because they have relatively higher risk of thromboembolic complication. (J Korean Acad Rehab Med 2006; 30: 560-564)

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Paradoxical Cerebral Embolism in a Young Patient: A case report.: Lee, Hee Dea , Sung, Duk Hyun; J Korean Acad Rehabil Med 2005;29(5):527-530.

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Seventeen years old man was diagnosed as left calf varicous vein and deep vein thrombosis on the same area. Three years later the patient visited for the exasperated swelling but had no sufficient warfarin therapy. At the age of 24, the patient had abrupt onset of left hemiplegia. Risk factor was monitored and patent foramen ovale and protein S deficiency were diagnosed. Simultaneously pulmonary embolism was detected and inferior vena cava filter was inserted. Nine months later from stroke, the patient had several times neurolysis on left lower extremity for spasticity. But after three days from last neurolysis we detected aggravation of lower extremity and left upper extremity swelling. He continued anticoagulation therapy. We reported a young patient with cerebral infarction by the mechanism of paradoxical embolism and upper extremity deep vein thrombosis in the lack of anticoagulation medication. (J Korean Acad Rehab Med 2005; 29: 527-530)

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Incidence of Deep Vein Thrombosis in Spinal Cord Injury.: Ko, Hyun Yoon , Shin, Yong Beom , Jho, Sun Kug; J Korean Acad Rehabil Med 2005;29(4):359-364.

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Objective
The purpose of this retrospective study was to evaluate the incidence of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in spinal cord injury (SCI). Method: We analyzed the incidence of DVT and factors that alter its risk in 263 SCI patients. The injury status of each SCI subject was categorized as either motor complete or motor incomplete and either quadriplegic or paraplegic. The cause of injury was categorized as either traumatic or nontraumatic. Duplex ultrasound was performed in the clinically DVT suspected patients. No patient had been started on anticoagulant prophylaxis prior to diagnosis of DVT. Results: Fifteen patients (5.7%) had a diagnosed DVT and one patient (0.4%) had a diagnosed pulmonary embolism. Motor complete lesion and quadriplegic status were better predictors of DVT than motor incomplete lesion and paraplegic status. Cause of injury and existence of spasticity were not statistically correlated with the incidence of DVT. Accuracy of clinical diagnosis was 45.4%. All cases of the diagnosed DVT was located proximal veins (iliac and femoral veins). Ten of 15 DVTs (66.6%) were detected earlier than 2 months after SCI. Conclusion: Incidence of DVT in SCI patients were 5.7%. Motor complete lesion and quadriplegic status were suggested as significant predictors of DVT in SCI patients. (J Korean Acad Rehab Med 2005; 29: 359-364)

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Iliac Vein Compression Syndrome in Spinal Cord Injury.: Shin, Ji Cheol , Kim, Eun Joo , Park, Chang Il , Jeon, Sang Chul , Yoo, Jee Hyun , Lee, Do Yon; J Korean Acad Rehabil Med 2005;29(3):266-271.

Abstract
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Objective
Iliac vein compression syndrome is a well-recognized anatomic variant that is associated with the development of symptomatic deep venous thrombosis (DVT) of the left iliac vein. However, its relation with DVT in spinal cord injury has not been established. The purpose of this study was to determine the relation between iliac vein compression syndrome and DVT in spinal cord injured patients. Method: Thirteen spinal cord injured patients diagnosed with DVT from January 2002 to December 2003 were evaluated. After ascending venography, the catheter-directed thrombolytic therapy and balloon angioplasty with stent insertion after 24 hours of thrombolytic therapy were doneResults: Twelve of 13 patients showed that the left iliac vein was compressed by the right iliac artery, with thrombosis shown in the distal venous segment of the crossover point and had a collateral formation. All 12 patients had residual stenosis of left iliac vein in spite of the thrombolytic therapy. The unimpeded venous flow of iliofemoral veins was revealed after the balloon angioplasty with stent insertion. Conclusion: We suggested that the proper evaluation and management about iliac vein compression syndrome be considered when residual stenosis was persistent through the chemical dissolution in spinal cord injured patient with left iliac vein thrombosis. (J Korean Acad Rehab Med 2005; 29: 266-271)

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A Case Report of Antiphospholipid Syndrome Present with Deep Venous Thrombosis.: Seo, Jeong Hwan , Kim, Ji Yeon , Na, Seung Yong; J Korean Acad Rehabil Med 2005;29(2):231-234.

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Antiphospholipid syndrome is a thrombotic disorder characterized by arterial or venous thrombosis with the presence of antiphospholipid antibodies (aPA). We reported a 38- year-old man suffering deep vein thrombosis associated with antiphospholipid antibody syndrome. He underwent an interventional procedure of intravascular thrombolytic therapy and stent insertion due to deep vein thrombosis in the lower extremities. On the next day of the procedure, he complained of low back pain, motor weakness in lower extremities, sensory loss and voiding difficulty. Lumbar MRI revealed epidural hematoma between T12 and L2 spine, resulting in cauda equina syndrome. Twenty days later, pulmonary thromboembolism was newly diagnosed. In laboratory test, aPA was detected. Therefore, he was finally diagnosed as antiphospholipid syndrome. We reported this unusual case with the review of literatures. (J Korean Acad Rehab Med 2005; 29: 231-234)

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Deep Vein Thrombosis in Rehabilitation Inpatients.: Han, Tai Ryoon , Lim, Suk Jin , Lee, Ho Jun; J Korean Acad Rehabil Med 2001;25(5):827-835.

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Objective: Immobility in stroke patients increases the risk of thromboembolism, and the pulmonary embolism following deep vein thrombosis (DVT) may lead to life-threatening state. But in Korea there has been a few studies about DVT in rehabilitation patients. So we investigated the prevalence of DVT in hemiplegic patients and the characteristics of the risk factors in these patients.

Method: Ninety six rehabilitation inpatients with hemiplegia due to brain disease were participated and they had more than 2 scores in pretest probabilities. Muscle power and spasticity of hemiplegic lower limb were assessed. The duration of bed-ridden state and the presence of hypertension, diabetes mellitus and heart disease were evaluated and coagulation factors were also evaluated. Duplex ultrasound and venography were used for diagnosis of DVT, and perfusion scan for pulmonary embolism.

Results: Four patients among ninety six (4.17%) were diagnosed as DVT. In patients with DVT, the weaker muscle power and the longer bed-ridden duration were found.

Conclusion: Prevalence of DVT in hemiplegic patients was 4.17%. The paresis of lower limb and long bed-ridden duration were suggested as risk factors of DVT in hemiplegic patients in Korea.