Objective: To investigate the relations among pain, emotional factors and cognitive-behavioral factors in chronic musculoskeletal pain patients. Method: This study was designed as a questionnaire survey. 73 patients who visited our outpatient clinics due to chronic musculoskeletal pain were evaluated. They checked visual analogue scale (VAS), pain site and frequency. Beck depression inventory (BDI) and state-trait anxiety index (STAI) were checked for evaluation of emotional factors. Somatization scale of symptom checklist-revised (SCL-R- 90) and pain catastrophizing scale (PCS) were checked for cognitive-behavioral factors. Correlations among each variable were evaluated by statistical analysis. Results: VAS was correlated with pain frequency (r=0.538, p＜0.01), somatization and catastrophizing thought. Rumination thought was correlated with VAS (r=0.443, p＜0.01), pain frequency (r=0.446, p＜0.01) and static anxiety (r= 0.449, p＜0.01). Magnification thought was correlated with depression (r=0.403, p＜0.01) and static anxiety (r=0.447, p＜0.01). Helpless thought was correlated with VAS (r= 0.442, p＜0.01), pain frequency (r=0.429, p＜0.01), depression (r=0.510, p＜0.01), static anxiety (r=0.640, p＜0.01) and somatization (r=0.504, p＜0.01). Duration was not correlated with VAS, depression, anxiety, somatization and catastrophizing thought in chronic musculoskeletal pain patients (p＞0.05). Conclusion: Cognitive-behavioral factors such as catastrophizing thought are strongly correlated with both pain aspects and emotional factors. Consideration of cognitive- behavioral factors as well as emotional factors may be important for management of chronic musculoskeletal pain. (J Korean Acad Rehab Med 2008; 32: 424-429)

Objective
To investigate gender differences in pain patterns and psychological variables among patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain. Method: Thirty-five male and thirty-eight female patients who visited our outpatient clinic due to chronic musculoskeletal pain were evaluated using a questionnaire survey. Chronic musculoskeletal pain was defined as pain lasting longer than 6 months. Patients were evaluated with visual analogue scale (VAS), pain site, pain duration and frequency. Beck depression inventory, state-trait anxiety index, somatization scale of symptom checklist-revised, symptom interpretation questionnaire, and pain catastrophizing scale were checked for psychological variables. Correlations among each variable were evaluated statistically. Results: Female patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain recorded higher scores on number of pain site, pain catastrophizing scale, rumination, magnification and catastrophic attribution than male patients (p＜0.05). In female patients, VAS was correlated significantly with depression, static anxiety, somatization, catastrophizing thought. rumination, magnification, helpless, and catastrophic attribution. Pain frequency was correlated significantly with somatization, catastrophizing thought, rumination, and helpless. Number of pain site was correlated with somatization, catastrophizing thought, magnification, and helpless. The correlation between pain patterns and psychological variables was also observed in male patients, but statistically less significant than female patients. Conclusion: We found gender difference associated with pain patterns and psychological variables in chronic musculoskeletal pain patients. Consideration of psychological factors may be important for management in female patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain. (J Korean Acad Rehab Med 2010; 34: 197-203)