Annals of Rehabilitation Medicine

Incidental Diagnosis of Pediatric Arytenoid Cartilage Dislocation During Videofluoroscopic Swallowing Study: A Case Report: Yonghyun Lee, Hankyul Park, Jae Eun Park, Seung Ki Kim, Eun Sook Park, Dong-wook Rha; Ann Rehabil Med 2020;44(1):94-98. Published online February 29, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5535/arm.2020.44.1.94

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Arytenoid cartilage dislocation is one of the most common mechanical causes of vocal fold immobility. The most common etiologies are intubation and external trauma, but its incidence is lower than 0.1%. Its symptoms include dysphonia, vocal fatigue, loss of vocal control, breathiness, odynophagia, dysphagia, dyspnea, and cough. Although there are some reports of arytenoid cartilage dislocation in adults, there are only few reports on its occurrence in children. It is particularly difficult to detect the symptoms of arytenoid cartilage dislocation in uncooperative pediatric patients with brain lesions without verbal output or voluntary expression. We report a case of arytenoid cartilage dislocation with incidental findings in a videofluoroscopic swallowing study performed to evaluate the swallowing function.

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Incidence and Risk Factors of Arytenoid Dislocation Following Endotracheal Intubation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Nasser Saad Alalyani, Alhanouf Abdulaziz Alhedaithy, Hind Khaled Alshammari, Rafeef I AlHajress, Rakan H Alelyani, Malak Fawaz Alshammari, Abdullah Hassan Alhalafi, Amani Alharbi, Nada Aldabal
Cureus.2024;[Epub] CrossRef

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Reference Values of Normal Femoral Condylar Cartilage Thickness and Its Ultrasonographic Findings.: Kim, Hye Won , Lee, Jong In , Ko, Young Jin , Lim, Ji Eun , Lee, Jin Young , Lee, Sang Jee; J Korean Acad Rehabil Med 2008;32(6):703-710.

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Objective: To establish reference values for the femoral condylar cartilage thickness and to observe the cartilage clarity and sharpness between different age groups of healthy Koreans employing a ultrasonographic scanner. Method: 105 healthy volunteers from the ages of twenties to the fifties, without clinical signs of osteoarthritis were recruited for the study. Cartilage thickness at both intercondylar notch, medial condylar and lateral condylar area were obtained with 12 MHz linear transducer, in supine position under maximum flexion of the knee joints. Cartilage sharpness and clarity were also recorded in grade between 0 to 3. Results: The thickness of cartilage significantly decreased with the increment of age (p＜0.05) and the cartilage of the man was much thicker than woman (p=0.000). Grade of the sharpness and clarity was not different between age groups and the checked grade was mostly grade 1 and there was no grade 3. Conclusion: This study defines standard reference values of femoral condylar cartilage for musculoskeletal ultrasonography to prevent misinterpretation of thinning of cartilage thickness in difference age groups and sex. With these findings, we can specify the range of normal degenerative change of femoral condylar cartilage. (J Korean Acad Rehab Med 2008; 32: 703-710)

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Comparison of the Effects between Growth Hormone and Hyaluronic Acid on Degenerative Cartilage of Knee in Rabbit.: Kim, Sang Beom , Lee, Kyeong Woo , Ha, Nam Jin , Lee, Jong Hwa , Kim, Young Dong , Joe, Yang Lae , Kim, Dae Chul; J Korean Acad Rehabil Med 2008;32(3):247-252.

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Objective
To explore whether the growth hormone is effective in the treatment of degenerative cartilage of knee in rabbits.Method: Thirty New Zealand white rabbits were administered intra-articular injection with monosodium iodoacetate (Sigma, St. Louis, USA) 2.5 mg and divided into 3 groups. Each group was administered with hyaluronic acid (Hyruan plus^Ⱂ, LG life science, Seoul, Korea)(group A) 0.6 ml, growth hormone (Declage^Ⱂ, LG life science, Seoul, Korea) (group B) or saline (group C) 0.6 ml intra-articulary once a week for 4 weeks, beginning 4 weeks after the degeneration induction. All rabbits were killed 9 weeks after degeneration induction. The histologic morphology was observed by optical microscope with knee cartilage.Results: Mankin score was 2.4±1.3 in group A, 3.9±1.7 in group B, 7.4±0.8 in group C. Yoshimi score was 1.5±0.7 in group A, 2.2±0.9 in group B, 4.4±0.6 in group C. Gross and microscopic morphologic findings showed that group C represented the more severe than group A & B (p＜0.01), also group A was better than group B (p＜0.05).Conclusion: Growth hormone is effective on degenerative knee cartilage in rabbit model, but less than the hyaluronic acid. (J Korean Acad Rehab Med 2008; 32: 247-252)

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The Effects of Hyperosmolar Dextrose and Autologous Serum Injection in the Experimental Articular Defect of Rabbit.: Kim, Soo A , Kim, Eui Han , Kim, Sang Yun , Lee, Sung Yong , Yoon, Jae Nam , Lee, Yang Kyun; J Korean Acad Rehabil Med 2006;30(2):173-178.

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Objective
Although the clinical effects of prolotherapy on osteoarthritis has been reported, there have been few previous studies showing the effects as a proliferant on articular cartilage. Also the autologous blood has been reported to used as a growth factor stimulant recently, we were trying to use dextrose and autologous serum for tissue regeneration respectively and evaluated the proliferative effect of autologous serum comparing with that of dextrose. Method: Twenty four rabbits were used for this study. The rabbits were divided into three groups. Group A did not get any special treatment. Group B was treated with 10% dextrose and group C with autologous serum. Six weeks la-ter, gross appearance and histologic findings were evaluated. Results: After sacrifice, the gross inspection of the knee joints revealed that group B and C were filled with the translucent tissue in defective cartilage. Group A still had defective cartilage. Histologic evaluation revealed increase of cellularity in the defect of the injected specimens when compared with the control. There was no morphological difference between group B and C. Conclusion: The repair process of the articular cartilage defects using dextrose and autologous serum were shown to be more effective than that of control group. (J Korean Acad Rehab Med 2006; 30: 173-178)

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The Response of the Injured Articular Cartilage of Rabbit Knee after Injection of Autologous Blood.: Kim, Soo A , Kim, Eui Han , Kim, Jin Il , Jang, Il , Lee, Ji Soo , Lee, Yang Kyun; J Korean Acad Rehabil Med 2005;29(4):406-412.

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Objective
To evaluate the effects of proliferant by injecting blood into the articular cartilage defect. Method: The patella of rabbits were dislocated laterally and 2 mm circular and 2 mm depth full-thickness defect was made in the articular cartilage. We injected 0.2 cc autologous blood to the right defect and normal saline to the left one at 1 week after operation for six times with a 1 week interval. After injection for six weeks, the articular cartilage defect were obtained and stained with H-E and S-100. Results: The surface of the saline-injected group was easily distinguishable from the surrounding articular cartilage. But the blood-injected group had similar appearance to the surrounding cartilage, with the margin of the defect barely discerptible. Strong S-100 stained immune cartilage cells were observed in the blood-injected group. Conclusion: The repairing process of the injured articular cartilage using autologous blood was shown to be much better than that of saline-injected group although the observation period was short and the number of animal was small. So we found that autologous blood effectively repaired osteochondral defects. (J Korean Acad Rehab Med 2005; 29: 406-412)

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Expression of Heat Shock Protein 70 by Heat Stimulation in Rabbit Chondrocytes and Articular Cartilages.: Lee, Kang Hee , Ahn, Sang Ho , Jang, Seong Ho , Baek, Suk Hwan; J Korean Acad Rehabil Med 2001;25(6):1074-1080.

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Objective: Heat therapy is one of physical therapies used most commonly in chronic osteoarthritis. The therapeutic effects of heat therapy might be attributed to induce heat shock proteins in heat-stimulated cells and tissues and therefore, to inhibit cellular damages due to inflammation. In order to investigate preliminarily the therapeutic effects of heat therapy, Hsp(heat shock protein) 70 expressions by heat stimulation were measured in cultured chondrocytes and knee joint cartilages of rabbits.

Method: Five rabbits were used in total in this study. Three rabbits were used for chodrocytes culture and two rabbits were in vivo study. Chondrocytes were cultured from knee cartilages of three rabbits and treated at 33^oC, 37^oC, and 42^oC for 20 min. In order to clarify whether heat therapy using ultrasonification can induce Hsp 70 expression in cartilage tissues, right knees of rabbits were heat-stimulated by ultrasonification for 20 min and their left knees were untreated. After 2 hours, cultured chondrocytes and cartilages were prepared and Hsp 70 expression was also observed by Western blot analysis.

Results: Hsp 70 expression was increased 1.48 folds in 42^oC treated cells compared to in 37^oC treated cells. The heat-stimulated cartilages showed 1.65 fold increases in Hsp 70 expression compared to the unstimulated cartilages.

Conclusion: Hsp 70 expressions were increased by heat stimulation in cultured chondrocytes as well as in cartilage tissues.

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Dose-Related Effects of Steroid on the Experimental Arthritis in Rabbits.: Bak, Joon Yong , Kim, Jae Seung , Kim, Bong Hee , Lee, Ji Ho , Ahn, Kyung Hoi; J Korean Acad Rehabil Med 2001;25(2):284-289.

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Objective: To investigate dose-related effects of repeated intraarticular steroid injection on the experimental arthritis.

Method: Twenty-four adult male rabbits received Zymosan A into their right knee joint for experimental arthritis. After a week, they were injected with 2 mg (group I; n=9), 10 mg (group II; n=7) or 20 mg (group III; n=8) triamcinolone acetonide into their right knee weekly interval for 4 weeks. We measured weekly changes of the weight and the mediolateral diameter of both knees for the calculation of edema index. ^99mTechnetium pertechnate (^99mTc) uptake measurement were performed before the first steroid injection and a week after the final steroid injection. All rabbits were sacrificed and histologic examinations of their proximal tibia were performed.

Results: A progressive weight loss and changes of edema index were evident for all rabbits (p＜0.05) and difference among the groups was not found (p＞0.05). ^99mTc uptake significantly decreased after the steroid injection in group I (p＜0.05) but it was not profound in others (p＞0.05). In the histological findings, fibrillation-frayings and fissures of the surface were similar in all rabbits, but loss of nuclear stains and cyst formations were increased prominently in group III than group I (p＜0.05).

Conclusion: Low-dose repeated steroid intraarticular injections are safe and effective treatment in arthritis though no definite evidence of chondroprotection, and high-dose steroid injections accelerate degeneration of the arthritic cartilage.