Objective
To investigate the impact of self-efficacy in using one’s upper limbs on the overall wellbeing of stroke patients, we developed the Korean version of the Confidence of Arm and Hand Movement (K-CAHM) scale by modifying the original CAHM to suit Korean cultural conditions.
Methods
This study was conducted from May 2022 to June 2023 at a rehabilitation hospital with 54 stroke patients. Participants with sufficient cognitive and verbal abilities were included, while those with severe comorbidities were excluded. For the translation and cultural adaptation of CAHM into Korean, permission was obtained from the original author. Two translators independently translated the questionnaire, followed by a consensus discussion and expert review to create K-CAHM version 1.0. After back-translation and further review, the final Korean version was completed. Reliability and validity were assessed using Cronbach’s alpha, intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), exploratory factor analysis, Bland–Altman analysis, and Pearson correlation.
Results
The K-CAHM showed good reliability (Cronbach’s alpha=0.97; ICC=0.895). Bland–Altman plot analysis showed good agreement, indicating test-retest reliability. Moreover, K-CAHM showed good concurrent validity, demonstrated by its correlation with three domains of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health: Fugl-Meyer assessment, the Jebsen-Taylor Hand Function Test, personal hygiene and bathing in the modified Barthel Index, and hand and stroke recovery domain in the Stroke Impact Scale.
Conclusion
The newly developed K-CAHM could complement other outcome measures, facilitating patient-centered rehabilitation in the Korean context.

Objective
To translate the Stroke Rehabilitation Motivation Scale (SRMS), developed to evaluate the motivation level of stroke patients during rehabilitation, into the Korean language and to verify the reliability and validity of the Korean version of SRMS (K-SRMS).
Methods
The K-SRMS was developed following a structured process that included translation, verification, compromise assessment, reverse translation, feedback, and final correction. K-SRMS reliability was evaluated by performing internal consistency and test–retest analyses. The reliability test was conducted in 50 stroke patients. Its validity was assessed by comparing the K-SRMS with the scale and performing exploratory factor analysis. The validity test was conducted in 102 stroke patients.
Results
The test–retest analysis showed good reliability, and the internal consistency of the K-SRMS was similar to that of the original version for all, except 4, items. Thus, these 4 items were excluded, and then the validity test was conducted. Pearson correlation analysis demonstrated that the K-SRMS score was significantly correlated with the BAS total score (Pearson r=0.207, p<0.05). In the exploratory factor analysis, K-SRMS items were categorized into 7 groups (factors), and factors 1 and 4 showed mutual concordance with K-SRMS subscales, including intrinsic motivation factors and amotivation, respectively.
Conclusion
The newly developed K-SRMS showed good reliability and validity. It could also be used as a tool to objectify the degree of motivation for rehabilitation among stroke patients in clinical care and research.

Citations

• Fun and games: a scoping review of enjoyment and intensity assessment in studies of game-based interventions for gait rehabilitation in neurological disorders
  Laura Duval, Marie-Claire Smith, Stacey A. Reading, Winston D. Byblow, Cathy M. Stinear
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• Cross Cultural Adaptation and Validation of Kannada Version of the Motivation in Stroke Patients for Rehabilitation Scale in Hospitalized Stroke Patients
  Reema D’Souza, Purusotham Chippala
  Journal of Health and Allied Sciences NU.2025; 0: 1.     CrossRef
• Brain-computer interface on wrist training with or without neurofeedback in subacute stroke: a study protocol for a double-blinded, randomized control pilot trial
  Myeong Sun Kim, Hyunju Park, Ilho Kwon, Kwang-Ok An, Joon-Ho Shin
  Frontiers in Neurology.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Motivation as a Measurable Outcome in Stroke Rehabilitation: A Systematic Review of the Literature
  Giulio Verrienti, Cecilia Raccagni, Ginevra Lombardozzi, Daniela De Bartolo, Marco Iosa
  International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2023; 20(5): 4187.     CrossRef
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  Daegyun Lee, Youngsook Bae
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  Yaeram Lee, Mihwa Won
  International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2022; 19(22): 15274.     CrossRef
• The Korean Version of the Fugl-Meyer Assessment: Reliability and Validity Evaluation
  Tae-lim Kim, Sung Hwan Hwang, Wang Jae Lee, Jae Woong Hwang, Inyong Cho, Eun-Hye Kim, Jung Ah Lee, Yujin Choi, Jin Ho Park, Joon-Ho Shin
  Annals of Rehabilitation Medicine.2021; 45(2): 83.     CrossRef
• Effects of Animal-Assisted Therapy on Gait Performance, Respiratory Function, and Psychological Variables in Patients Post-Stroke
  Ho-Jung An, Shin-Jun Park
  International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2021; 18(11): 5818.     CrossRef