Objective
To assess postural stability, specifically center of body sway during single-leg standing balance, among individuals with and without forward head posture (FHP) during smartphone use.
Methods
The research recruited 53 healthy smartphone users, aged 18–25, and categorized them into FHP group comprising 26 subjects and the normal (control) group with 27 subjects. Participants were assigned the task of maintaining balance while engaged in smartphone typing during single-leg standing. The experiment involved four specific conditions according to neck posture and stable of surface. The study meticulously quantified body center of pressure (COP) sway amplitudes using the Nintendo Wii Balance Board.
Results
The research revealed that individuals with FHP exhibited significantly greater body sway compared to the control group when using smartphones. Notably, distinct variations were observed in path length sway, anteroposterior (AP), and mediolateral (ML) sway amplitude, particularly evident when maintaining flexed neck positions on a soft surface while engaged with smartphones.
Conclusion
These findings strongly suggest that individuals with FHP encounter deteriorated postural stability during smartphone use, particularly in challenging head positions.

Citations

• Cognitive–motor interference: Effects of smartphone use on static balance and mobility
  Emre Söylemez, Mehmet Dağ
  Applied Neuropsychology: Adult.2026; : 1.     CrossRef
• The impact of excessive smartphone use on imbalance symptoms: The role of craniovertebral angle and cervical proprioception
  Musa Güneş, Emre Söylemez, Aydın Sinan Apaydın
  WORK: A Journal of Prevention, Assessment & Rehabilitation.2026; 84(4): 1157.     CrossRef
• Impact of Smartphone Usage Duration on Postural Alignment, Neck Pain and Cervical Function Disability Among University Students
  Huma Khan, Pardeep Kumar, Sapna Bai, Ayesha Zafeer, Areej Imran, Syed Alamgir
  The Healer Journal of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation Sciences.2026; 6(4): 1.     CrossRef
• Comparison of Prefrontal Hemodynamic Responses and Balance Control Differences Based on Head Posture and Task Difficulty in Cognitive-Balance Tasks
  Jeongeun Kim, Jihye Jung, Seungwon Lee
  Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science.2026; 15(2): 244.     CrossRef
• Digital Addiction and Body Balance: An Investigation of Postural Stability in Young Adults: A Cross‐Sectional Study
  Yeliz Çırak, Hüsna Güzel, Buse Sert, Elif Sena Düşgün, Büşra Yeşil
  Physiotherapy Research International.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Validity of a qualitative visual method for diagnosing forward head posture
  Shohei Shibasaki, Tomonori Kishino, Yoriko Sei, Keiichiro Harashima, Konomi Sakata, Hiroaki Ohnishi, Takashi Watanabe
  Musculoskeletal Science and Practice.2025; 76: 103282.     CrossRef
• Assessment of balance in overweight and obese young adults: utilizing centre of pressure displacement variables in the single leg sit-to-stand test
  Noppharath Sangkarit, Weerasak Tapanya, Patchareeya Amput, Chananya Muangchuen, Piyaporn Seeta, Worrasak Paleeta
  International Journal of Adolescence and Youth.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Evaluating fall risk in community-dwelling older adults through balance assessment with the Nintendo Wii Balance Board
  Weerasak Tapanya, Noppharath Sangkarit, Puttipong Poncumhak, Saisunee Konsanit
  Human Movement.2025; 26(1): 161.     CrossRef
• Knowledge on text neck syndrome among paramedical students
  Anugraha Puthalan Kunnath, Sankeerthana Rameshan, Deena Vachal Sudheendran, Fathima Rouff, Akash Chandran, Sabna Pulikka Kkunnil
  International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health.2025; 12(7): 3055.     CrossRef

Objective
To formulate an equation estimating months to independent walking in moderate to late preterm infants based on neonatal characteristics and gross motor development from 7 months to independent walking.
Methods
Sixty infants born between 32 to 36 weeks were assessed using Alberta Infant Motor Scale (AIMS) for gross motor development. Neonatal characteristics were recorded at 7 months, and caregiver-reported independent walking onset. Pearson correlation analyzed age, AIMS scores, and neonatal factors. Multiple regression developed the prediction equation.
Results
The equation for independent walking onset, which included gestational age (GA) at birth, total AIMS score at 10 months of age (10th AIMS), and birth head circumference (BHC), exhibited a strong correlation (r=0.707) and had a predictive power of 50.0%. The equation is as follows: age onset of independent walking (months)=33.157, -0.296 (GA), -0.132 (10th AIMS), -0.196 (BHC), with an estimation error of 0.631 months.
Conclusion
Neonatal characteristics, such as GA, 10th AIMS, and BHC, are key determinants in estimating the onset of independent walking in moderate to late preterm infants.

Citations

• Can slow and (un)steady still win the race? A narrative review of developmental gait characteristics and clinical implications in children born preterm
  Martina Ruscelli, Anna Fetta, Ettore Benvenuti, Maria Cristina Bisi, Rita Stagni, Elena Zardi, Alessandra Sansavini, Luigi Corvaglia, Duccio Maria Cordelli, Arianna Aceti
  European Journal of Pediatrics.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef