Annals of Rehabilitation Medicine

"So Young Ahn"

Corrigendum

Correction: A Fully Immersive Virtual Reality Method for Upper Limb Rehabilitation in Spinal Cord Injury: Da Young Lim, Dong Min Hwang, Kang Hee Cho, Chang Won Moon, So Young Ahn; Ann Rehabil Med 2025;49(1):60. Published online January 20, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5535/arm.19181.e; Corrects: Ann Rehabil Med 2020;44(4):311

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Original Articles

Orthosis & Prosthesis

Can a Biomechanical Foot Orthosis Affect Gait in Patients With Hallux Valgus? A Pilot Study: Ji Young Lee, Hyeon woo Ryoo, So Young Ahn, Soo-Kyung Bok; Ann Rehabil Med 2022;46(6):312-319. Published online December 31, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5535/arm.22118

Objective
To investigate the effects of customized biomechanical foot orthosis (BFO) on kinematic data during gait in patients with hallux valgus (HV) deformities and compare the results with those of a normal control group.
Methods
Ten patients with HV deformities and 10 healthy volunteers were enrolled in this study. HV deformity was diagnosed using biomechanical and radiological assessments by a rehabilitation physician. Patients received the customized BFO manufactured at a commercial orthosis laboratory (Biomechanics, Goyang, South Korea) according to the strictly defined procedure by a single experienced technician. The spatiotemporal and kinematic data acquired by the Vicon 3D motion capture system (Oxford Metrics, Oxford, UK) were compared between the intervention groups (control vs. HV without orthosis) and between the HV groups (with vs. without orthosis).
Results
The temporal-spatial and kinematic parameters of the HV group were significantly different from those of the control group. After applying BFO to the HV group, significantly increased ranges of plantar flexion motion and hindfoot inversion were observed. Furthermore, the HV group with BFO showed improved gait cadence, walking speed, and stride length, although the results were not statistically significant.
Conclusion
Our results suggest that it is imperative to understand the pathophysiology of HV, and the application of customized BFO can be useful for improving kinematics in HV deformities.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

HALLUX VALGUS: LICKS AT THE ANKLE JOINTS, BUT BITES AT THE HIP JOINTS?
UDOCHKINA L.A., KHLEBNIKOV YU.V. , VORONTSOVA O.I., KAPITONOVA M.
AVICENNA BULLETIN.2023; : 553. CrossRef

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Orthosis & Prosthesis

Effect of Foot Orthoses in Children With Symptomatic Flexible Flatfoot Based on Ultrasonography of the Ankle Invertor and Evertor Muscles: Dong Joon Cho, So Young Ahn, Soo-Kyung Bok; Ann Rehabil Med 2021;45(6):459-470. Published online December 31, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5535/arm.21137

Abstract
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Objective
To examine the changes in the cross-sectional area (CSA) ratio of the ankle invertors and evertors following rigid foot orthosis (RFO) application in children with symptomatic flexible flatfoot and to determine the correlation between the degree of change in CSA ratio and pain-severity after RFO application.
Methods
We included 24 children with symptomatic flexible flatfoot without comorbidities and measured the CSAs of tibialis anterior (TA), tibialis posterior (TP), and peroneus longus (PL) using ultrasonography, resting calcaneal stance position (RCSP) angle, calcaneal pitch (CP), Meary’s angle, talonavicular coverage angle, and talocalcaneal angle using radiography, and foot function index (FFI) at baseline and 12 months after RFO application. We analyzed 48 data by measuring both feet of 24 children. The CSA ratios, the ratio of CSA of each muscle to the sum of CSA of TA, TP, and PL, were also compared. Correlations between the degree of change in FFI, each muscle’s CSA ratio, RCSP angle, and radiographic measurements were investigated.
Results
Following RFO application, significant increase in the PL ratio and CP and significant decrease in the RCSP angle, FFI total, pain, and disability scores were observed. The degree of change in the total score, pain, and disability score of FFI were significantly correlated with the degree of change in the PL ratio and RCSP angle.
Conclusion
RFOs applied to children with symptomatic flexible flatfoot might reduce the compensatory activities of the ankle invertors, thereby increasing the PL ratio, and pain decreases as the PL ratio increases.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

The F-words relating to symptomatic flexible flat feet: A scoping review
Jovana Urukalo, Helen Banwell, Cylie Williams, Stewart C. Morrison, Saravana Kumar, Aliah Faisal Shaheen
PLOS One.2025; 20(5): e0320310. CrossRef
The effects of foot orthoses on radiological parameters and pain in children with flexible flat feet: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Chao Liu, HongHao Zhang, JianPing Li, ShiJia Li, GuQiang Li, XiangZhan Jiang
Frontiers in Pediatrics.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Change in Plantar Pressure and Plain Radiography in Pediatric Flexible Flatfoot: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Sungjoon Kim, Yong Gyun Kim, Jun Yup Kim, Si-Bog Park, Kyu Hoon Lee
Annals of Rehabilitation Medicine.2024; 48(5): 352. CrossRef
Evaluation of the Effect of Kinesio Taping on the Plantar Arch Index of Children with Spastic Diplegic Cerebral Palsy
Amin Rezaei, Seyed Sirvan Hosseini, Shahryar Khosravi, Mohammadreza Kosarimoghadam, Behnam Amirpour Najafabadi, Mohammad Karim Golnari
Journal of Advances in Medical and Biomedical Research.2023; 31(144): 25. CrossRef
The resting calcaneal stance position (RCSP): an old dog, with new tricks
Carlos Martinez-Sebastian, Gabriel Gijon-Nogueron, Laura Ramos-Petersen, Cristina Molina-Garcia, Rubén Sánchez-Gómez, Angela M. Evans
European Journal of Pediatrics.2023; 183(3): 1287. CrossRef
Monitoring the Role of Physical Activity in Children with Flat Feet by Assessing Subtalar Flexibility and Plantar Arch Index
Ligia Rusu, Mihnea Ion Marin, Michi Mihail Geambesa, Mihai Robert Rusu
Children.2022; 9(3): 427. CrossRef
Relation of Flatfoot Severity with Flexibility and Isometric Strength of the Foot and Trunk Extensors in Children
Min Hwan Kim, Sangha Cha, Jae Eun Choi, Minsoo Jeon, Ja Young Choi, Shin-Seung Yang
Children.2022; 10(1): 19. CrossRef
Biomechanical Evidence From Ultrasonography Supports Rigid Foot Orthoses in Children With Flatfoot
Joon-Ho Shin
Annals of Rehabilitation Medicine.2021; 45(6): 411. CrossRef

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Pain & Musculoskeletal rehabilitation

Relationships Between Relative Ankle Muscle Ratios, Severity of Symptoms, and Radiologic Parameters in Adolescent Patients With Symptomatic Flexible Flat Feet: Youngju Shin, So Young Ahn, Soo-Kyung Bok; Ann Rehabil Med 2021;45(2):123-130. Published online April 14, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5535/arm.20174

Abstract
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Objective
To investigate differences in the relative sizes of the ankle-stabilizing muscles in individuals with versus without flexible flat feet and to determine predictors of symptom severity.
Methods
This cross-sectional study included 30 patients with symptomatic flexible flat feet and 24 normal controls. The following were evaluated: foot posture index, resting calcaneal stance position angle, radiographic findings (calcaneal pitch, Meary’s angle, talocalcaneal angle, talonavicular coverage angle [TNCA]), foot function index (FFI), and cross-sectional areas (CSA) of the tibialis anterior (TA), tibialis posterior (TP), and peroneus longus (PL) upon ultrasonographic examination. To address morphometric differences among participants, individual muscle measurements were normalized to proportions of total muscle CSA. Between-group differences were evaluated with independent t-tests. Correlations between muscle ratios, radiographic parameters, and FFI scores were investigated. Logistic regression analysis was performed to determine which parameters predicted severe symptoms.
Results
The relative size of the TP was significantly greater and those of the TA and PL were significantly smaller in patients with flat feet than in normal controls. Correlations were found among relative muscle CSA ratios, radiographic parameters, and FFI score. Linear regression analysis confirmed that the TNCA and the relative CSA of the PL were independent predictors of symptom severity.
Conclusion
This study found significant differences in the relative CSAs of the ankle muscles in patients with flexible flat feet versus individuals without flat feet; these differences were significantly correlated with anatomic abnormalities. Symptoms were more severe in patients with relatively greater forefoot abduction and relatively smaller PL.

Citations

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Does severity of the flatfoot deformity affect pain and mobility in adolescents with symptomatic flatfoot
Matthew William, Daniel E. Pereira, Beltran Torres-Izquierdo, Claire Schaibley, Pooya Hosseinzadeh
Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics B.2025; 34(2): 189. CrossRef
정상발 및 평발 집단의 발목관절 토크 및 만성발목불안정증(CAI)의 특성 차이
석경 안, 상근 조, 승재 김
The Korean Journal of Physical Education.2024; 63(5): 339. CrossRef
Relation of Flatfoot Severity with Flexibility and Isometric Strength of the Foot and Trunk Extensors in Children
Min Hwan Kim, Sangha Cha, Jae Eun Choi, Minsoo Jeon, Ja Young Choi, Shin-Seung Yang
Children.2022; 10(1): 19. CrossRef
Effect of Foot Orthoses in Children With Symptomatic Flexible Flatfoot Based on Ultrasonography of the Ankle Invertor and Evertor Muscles
Dong Joon Cho, So Young Ahn, Soo-Kyung Bok
Annals of Rehabilitation Medicine.2021; 45(6): 459. CrossRef
Biomechanical Evidence From Ultrasonography Supports Rigid Foot Orthoses in Children With Flatfoot
Joon-Ho Shin
Annals of Rehabilitation Medicine.2021; 45(6): 411. CrossRef

5,863 View
173 Download
5 Web of Science
5 Crossref

A Fully Immersive Virtual Reality Method for Upper Limb Rehabilitation in Spinal Cord Injury: Da Young Lim, Dong Min Hwang, Kang Hee Cho, Chang Won Moon, So Young Ahn; Ann Rehabil Med 2020;44(4):311-319. Published online July 28, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5535/arm.19181; Correction in: Ann Rehabil Med 2025;49(1):60

Abstract
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Objective
To determine whether a fully immersive virtual reality (VR) intervention combined with conventional rehabilitation (CR) can improve upper limb function more than CR alone in patients with spinal cord injury (SCI), we conducted a prospective, randomized, controlled clinical trial.
Methods
Participants were randomly assigned to either the control group (CG; n=10) or experimental group (EG; n=10). The participants in the CG received 60 minutes of conventional therapy per day, 4 days per week for 4 weeks, whereas those in the EG received 30 minutes of VR training and 30 minutes of conventional therapy per day, 4 days per week for 4 weeks. The clinical outcome measures included Medical Research Council grade, the American Spinal Injury Association upper extremity motor score (ASIA-UEMS), and scores in the Hand Strength Test, Box and Block Test, Nine-Hole Peg Test, Action Research Arm Test, and Korean version of the Spinal Cord Independence Measure (K-SCIM). The assessments were performed at the beginning (T0) and end of the intervention (T1).
Results
Grip power and K-SCIM score significantly improved in the EG after the intervention. When comparing differences between the groups, elbow extensor, wrist extensor, ASIA-UEMS, grip power, lateral pinch power, and palmar pinch power were all significantly improved.
Conclusion
VR training of upper limb function after SCI can provide an acceptable adjunctive rehabilitation method without significant adverse effects.

Citations

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Creating adapted environments: enhancing accessibility in virtual reality for upper limb rehabilitation through automated element adjustment
V. Herrera, J. Albusac, J. J. Castro-Schez, C. González-Morcillo, D. N. Monekosso, S. Pacheco, R. Perales, A. de los Reyes-Guzmán
Virtual Reality.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Immersive Virtual Reality in Stroke Rehabilitation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Its Efficacy in Upper Limb Recovery
Chala Diriba Kenea, Teklu Gemechu Abessa, Dheeraj Lamba, Bruno Bonnechère
Journal of Clinical Medicine.2025; 14(6): 1783. CrossRef
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Claudia Vinciguerra, Antonio Federico
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Jacek Polechoński, Alan Langer, Anna Akbaş, Anna Zwierzchowska
BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Technological Features of Immersive Virtual Reality Systems for Upper Limb Stroke Rehabilitation: A Systematic Review
Chala Diriba Kenea, Teklu Gemechu Abessa, Dheeraj Lamba, Bruno Bonnechère
Sensors.2024; 24(11): 3546. CrossRef
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Tianci Wang, Zaixin Song, Hao Wen, Chunhua Liu
IEEE Open Journal of the Industrial Electronics Society.2024; 5: 575. CrossRef
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Xupeng Ai, Victor Santamaria, Sunil K. Agrawal
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Matteo Scalise, Tevfik Serhan Bora, Chiara Zancanella, Adrian Safa, Roberto Stefini, Delia Cannizzaro
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Likun Wang, Hong Zhang, Haibo Ai, Yuxi Liu
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Antonio Rodríguez-Fernández, Alex van den Berg, Salvatore Luca Cucinella, Joan Lobo-Prat, Josep M. Font-Llagunes, Laura Marchal-Crespo
Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Effects of digital-based interventions on muscular strength in adults: a systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression of randomized controlled trials with quality of evidence assessment
Armin Paravlic, Luka Šlosar, Ensar Abazovic, Uros Marusic
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The cognitive basis for virtual reality rehabilitation of upper-extremity motor function after neurotraumas
Sophie Dewil, Shterna Kuptchik, Mingxiao Liu, Sean Sanford, Troy Bradbury, Elena Davis, Amanda Clemente, Raviraj Nataraj
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Farhah Amaliya Zaharuddin, Nazrita Ibrahim, Azmi Mohd Yusof
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Sean Sanford, Brian Collins, Mingxiao Liu, Sophie Dewil, Raviraj Nataraj
Frontiers in Virtual Reality.2022;[Epub] CrossRef

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18 Web of Science
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Determining the Reliability of a New Method for Measuring Joint Range of Motion Through a Randomized Controlled Trial: So Young Ahn, Hanbit Ko, Jeong Oh Yoon, Sun Ung Cho, Jong Hyun Park, Kang Hee Cho; Ann Rehabil Med 2019;43(6):707-719. Published online December 31, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5535/arm.2019.43.6.707

Objective
To compare the reliability and validity of the Korean range of motion standard protocol (KRSP) for measuring joint range of motion (ROM) with those of the conventional ROM measurement using a goniometer.
Methods
We conducted a randomized controlled trial involving 91 healthy elderly individuals. We compared two strategies of measuring joint ROM to evaluate the reliability and validity of each standardized protocol: first, the KRSP based on the Chungnam National University guidelines and second, handheld goniometric measurement. In the first strategy, 3 examiners (1 rehabilitation doctor, 1 physical therapist, and 1 physical therapy student) independently measured joint ROM in 46 randomly selected subjects; in the second strategy, another 3 examiners (1 rehabilitation doctor, 1 physical therapist, and 1 physical therapy student) measured joint ROM in 45 randomly selected subjects. The reliability of each protocol was calculated using intraclass correlation coefficient, ICC(2,1), and root mean square error (RMSE).
Results
Both protocols showed good to excellent intra-rater reliability. With goniometer use, the inter-rater reliability was low—ICC(2,1), 95% confidence interval ranged from 0.643 (0.486–0.783) to -0.078 (-0.296–0.494)— and RMSE was high. With the KRSP, the inter-rater reliability ranged from 0.846 (0.686–0.931) to 0.986 (0.972–0.994) and RMSE was low.
Conclusion
ROM measurements using the KRSP showed excellent reliability. These results indicate that this protocol can be the reference standard for measuring ROM in clinical settings as an alternative to goniometers.

Citations

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Exoskeleton Robot Training in Two Patients with an Electrical Burn and Septic Arthritis: A Case Report
Seung Yeol Lee, Cheong Hoon Seo, Yoon Soo Ch, Youngmin Kim, Youngsuh Yoon, So Young Joo
Journal of Burn Care & Research.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Response to letter to the editor
Christoffer von Essen, Karl Eriksson, Björn Barenius
Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy.2022; 30(3): 1127. CrossRef
An Inertial Measurement Unit-Based Wireless System for Shoulder Motion Assessment in Patients with Cervical Spinal Cord Injury: A Validation Pilot Study in a Clinical Setting
Riccardo Bravi, Stefano Caputo, Sara Jayousi, Alessio Martinelli, Lorenzo Biotti, Ilaria Nannini, Erez James Cohen, Eros Quarta, Stefano Grasso, Giacomo Lucchesi, Gabriele Righi, Giulio Del Popolo, Lorenzo Mucchi, Diego Minciacchi
Sensors.2021; 21(4): 1057. CrossRef

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Long-Term Effect of Rigid Foot Orthosis in Children Older Than Six Years With Flexible Flat Foot: Kyo-Jun Youn, So Young Ahn, Bong-Ok Kim, In Sik Park, Soo-Kyung Bok; Ann Rehabil Med 2019;43(2):224-229. Published online April 30, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5535/arm.2019.43.2.224

Abstract
PDF

Objective
To evaluate the long-term effect of a custom-made rigid foot orthosis (RFO) in children older than 6 years with pes planus (flat foot).
Methods
Medical records of 42 children diagnosed with flexible pes planus who were fitted with RFOs based on the inverted technique and underwent more than four consecutive radiological studies were reviewed. Resting calcaneal stance position (RCSP), anteroposterior talocalcaneal angle, lateral talocalcaneal angle, lateral talometatarsal angle, and calcaneal pitch were initially measured in both feet to evaluate alignment. Followup clinical and radiological evaluations were then performed at 12–18, 24–30, 36–42, and ≥48 months after RFO application. Repeated measures analysis of variance was used to evaluate significant differences.
Results
Significant improvements in all radiological indicators and significant progression of RCSP toward the corrective direction were observed after RFO application relative to baseline measurements.
Conclusion
According to our findings, RFO can induce significant improvements in calcaneus-related radiographic indices and subsequently improve talus-related radiologic indices.

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Ji-Myeong Park, Byung-Cho Min, Byeong-Chae Cho, Kyu-Ri Hwang, Myung-Ki Kim, Jeong-Ha Lee, Min-Jun Choi, Hyeon-Hee Kim, Myung-Sung Kang, Kyoung-Bin Min
Medicina.2024; 60(9): 1420. CrossRef
Change in Plantar Pressure and Plain Radiography in Pediatric Flexible Flatfoot: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Sungjoon Kim, Yong Gyun Kim, Jun Yup Kim, Si-Bog Park, Kyu Hoon Lee
Annals of Rehabilitation Medicine.2024; 48(5): 352. CrossRef
Efficacy of Plantar Orthoses in Paediatric Flexible Flatfoot: A Five-Year Systematic Review
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Joon Yeop Kim, Soo A Kim, Yuntae Kim, Insu Hwang, Nam Hun Heo
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Min Hwan Kim, Sangha Cha, Jae Eun Choi, Minsoo Jeon, Ja Young Choi, Shin-Seung Yang
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Relationships Between Relative Ankle Muscle Ratios, Severity of Symptoms, and Radiologic Parameters in Adolescent Patients With Symptomatic Flexible Flat Feet
Youngju Shin, So Young Ahn, Soo-Kyung Bok
Annals of Rehabilitation Medicine.2021; 45(2): 123. CrossRef
Effect of Foot Orthoses in Children With Symptomatic Flexible Flatfoot Based on Ultrasonography of the Ankle Invertor and Evertor Muscles
Dong Joon Cho, So Young Ahn, Soo-Kyung Bok
Annals of Rehabilitation Medicine.2021; 45(6): 459. CrossRef
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Case Report

Hand Functions of Myoelectric and 3D-Printed Pressure-Sensored Prosthetics: A Comparative Study: Kyu Ho Lee, Hobeom Bin, KeunBae Kim, So Young Ahn, Bong-Ok Kim, Soo-Kyung Bok; Ann Rehabil Med 2017;41(5):875-880. Published online October 31, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5535/arm.2017.41.5.875

Abstract
PDF

The loss of an upper limb significantly limits the functional activities of daily living. A huge emphasis is placed on the manipulation, shape, weight, and comfort of a prosthesis, to enable its use as an inherent body part. Even with technological advances, customized upper-extremity myoelectric prosthesis remain heavy and expensive. The high cost of upper-extremity prosthesis is an especially steep economic barrier for patients. Three-dimensional (3D) printing is a promising avenue for reducing the cost of prosthesis. We applied 3D-printed pressure-sensored prosthetics to a traumatic transradial amputee, and compared the hand functions with a customized myoelectric prosthesis. The 3D-printed pressure-sensored prosthetics showed low grip strength and decreased dexterity compared to the conventional myoelectric prosthesis. Although there were a few limitations, the fabrication of prosthesis with 3D printing technology can overcome previous problems such as high production cost, long fabrication period and heavy weight.

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D’Shaun D Adams, Francisco A Schwartz-Fernandes
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