Objective
To review trends in bladder emptying methods over a 20-year period in patients with spinal cord injury (SCI) by severity according to the American Spinal Injury Association impairment scale (AIS).
Methods
Medical records of patients with SCI from 1994 to 1998 (group 1) and from 2012 to 2016 (group 2) were retrospectively reviewed. We classified bladder emptying methods according to the International Spinal Cord dataset. We grouped patients with normal voiding, bladder reflex triggering, and bladder expression as those using voiding without catheter.
Results
A total of 667 patients were included in the analysis. The proportion of patients using voiding without catheter and intermittent catheterization decreased from 67.0% to 30.0% and increased from 26.8% to 54.8%, respectively. In patients with AIS-A and AIS-B, the proportion of patients with intermittent catheterization increased from 32.8% to 73.3%. In patients with AIS-D, the proportion of patients using voiding without catheter and intermittent catheterization decreased from 88.5% to 68.9% and increased from 11.5% to 26.8%, respectively. In group 2, among 111 patients with AIS-D using voiding without catheter at admission, 8 (7.2%) switched to intermittent catheterization at discharge due to decreased bladder volume, increased post-voiding residual urine, or incontinence.
Conclusion
Over the past 20 years, trends in bladder emptying methods in patients with SCI changed from voiding without catheter to intermittent catheterization in Korea. This was especially prominent in patients with AIS-A, AIS-B, and AIS-C. Even in patients with AIS-D, the use of intermittent catheterization at hospital discharge increased.

Citations

• Changes in bladder emptying during inpatient rehabilitation after spinal cord injury and predicting factors: data from the Dutch Spinal Cord Injury Database
  Claire G. Poublon, Eline W. M. Scholten, Michel I. A. Wyndaele, Marcel W. M. Post, Janneke M. Stolwijk-Swüste
  Spinal Cord.2023; 61(11): 624.     CrossRef
• Should We Delay Urodynamic Study When Patients With Spinal Cord Injury Have Asymptomatic Pyuria?
  EunYoung Kim, Hye Jin Lee, Onyoo Kim, In Suk Park, Bum-Suk Lee
  Annals of Rehabilitation Medicine.2021; 45(3): 178.     CrossRef

Objective
To translate the Stroke Rehabilitation Motivation Scale (SRMS), developed to evaluate the motivation level of stroke patients during rehabilitation, into the Korean language and to verify the reliability and validity of the Korean version of SRMS (K-SRMS).
Methods
The K-SRMS was developed following a structured process that included translation, verification, compromise assessment, reverse translation, feedback, and final correction. K-SRMS reliability was evaluated by performing internal consistency and test–retest analyses. The reliability test was conducted in 50 stroke patients. Its validity was assessed by comparing the K-SRMS with the scale and performing exploratory factor analysis. The validity test was conducted in 102 stroke patients.
Results
The test–retest analysis showed good reliability, and the internal consistency of the K-SRMS was similar to that of the original version for all, except 4, items. Thus, these 4 items were excluded, and then the validity test was conducted. Pearson correlation analysis demonstrated that the K-SRMS score was significantly correlated with the BAS total score (Pearson r=0.207, p<0.05). In the exploratory factor analysis, K-SRMS items were categorized into 7 groups (factors), and factors 1 and 4 showed mutual concordance with K-SRMS subscales, including intrinsic motivation factors and amotivation, respectively.
Conclusion
The newly developed K-SRMS showed good reliability and validity. It could also be used as a tool to objectify the degree of motivation for rehabilitation among stroke patients in clinical care and research.

Citations

• Fun and games: a scoping review of enjoyment and intensity assessment in studies of game-based interventions for gait rehabilitation in neurological disorders
  Laura Duval, Marie-Claire Smith, Stacey A. Reading, Winston D. Byblow, Cathy M. Stinear
  Disability and Rehabilitation.2025; 47(8): 1893.     CrossRef
• Cross Cultural Adaptation and Validation of Kannada Version of the Motivation in Stroke Patients for Rehabilitation Scale in Hospitalized Stroke Patients
  Reema D’Souza, Purusotham Chippala
  Journal of Health and Allied Sciences NU.2025; 15: 296.     CrossRef
• Brain-computer interface on wrist training with or without neurofeedback in subacute stroke: a study protocol for a double-blinded, randomized control pilot trial
  Myeong Sun Kim, Hyunju Park, Ilho Kwon, Kwang-Ok An, Joon-Ho Shin
  Frontiers in Neurology.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Motivation as a Measurable Outcome in Stroke Rehabilitation: A Systematic Review of the Literature
  Giulio Verrienti, Cecilia Raccagni, Ginevra Lombardozzi, Daniela De Bartolo, Marco Iosa
  International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2023; 20(5): 4187.     CrossRef
• Interactive Videogame Improved Rehabilitation Motivation and Walking Speed in Chronic Stroke Patients: A Dual-Center Controlled Trial
  Daegyun Lee, Youngsook Bae
  Games for Health Journal.2022; 11(4): 268.     CrossRef
• Mediating Effects of Rehabilitation Motivation between Social Support and Health-Related Quality of Life among Patients with Stroke
  Yaeram Lee, Mihwa Won
  International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2022; 19(22): 15274.     CrossRef
• The Korean Version of the Fugl-Meyer Assessment: Reliability and Validity Evaluation
  Tae-lim Kim, Sung Hwan Hwang, Wang Jae Lee, Jae Woong Hwang, Inyong Cho, Eun-Hye Kim, Jung Ah Lee, Yujin Choi, Jin Ho Park, Joon-Ho Shin
  Annals of Rehabilitation Medicine.2021; 45(2): 83.     CrossRef
• Effects of Animal-Assisted Therapy on Gait Performance, Respiratory Function, and Psychological Variables in Patients Post-Stroke
  Ho-Jung An, Shin-Jun Park
  International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2021; 18(11): 5818.     CrossRef