Objective
To establish the reference standard of the median nerve conduction study (NCS) in Korea.
Methods
A total of 648 median motor and 602 median sensory NCSs from 349 Korean healthy volunteers were tested and analyzed prospectively. Equipment calibration, assessment of intraand inter-rater reliability, and the NCSs per se were conducted according to a predetermined protocol. A reference standard was established from uncertainty components for the following parameters: the onset and peak latencies; the baseline-to-peak and peak-to-peak amplitudes; the area and duration of the negative wave; and the nerve conduction velocity. The effects of sex, age and stimulation intensity were analyzed.
Results
Each measured value of 648 median motor and 602 median sensory nerves were obtained and presented with both mean and expanded uncertainties, as well as mean and standard deviations. The cut-off values with expanded uncertainty were determined for different age and sex groups. After adjusting for anthropometric covariates, all parameters except duration were affected by age, and sex appeared to influence both duration and area. While stimulation intensity significantly affected some parameters including latencies, the effect sizes were negligible.
Conclusion
We propose the median NCS reference standard using the largest Korean dataset ever available. The use of the traceable and reliable reference standard is anticipated to promote more accurate and dependable diagnosis and appropriate management of median neuropathies in Korea.

Citations

• Электронейромиография в педиатрической практике (обзор литературы)
  Павел Олегович Ляжьев, Мария Юрьевна Фомина
  Pediatrician (St Petersburg).2026; 16(5): 70.     CrossRef
• Wrist Flexor Spasticity and Hemiplegic–Contralateral Median Nerve Latency Asymmetry After Stroke: A Bilateral Nerve Conduction and Ultrasound Study
  Ki-Hyeok Ku, Seongmin Choi, Kyung Chul Noh, Eo Jin Park
  Diagnostics.2026; 16(7): 1088.     CrossRef

Objective
To develop a set of reference standards for tibial motor, common peroneal motor, sural sensory, and superficial peroneal sensory nerve conduction studies (NCSs) with expanded uncertainty in a healthy Korean population.
Methods
Standardized procedures were conducted for individual lower extremity NCSs of 199 healthy participants in their 20s (n=100) and 50s (n=99). Mean values and expanded uncertainties for parameters were analyzed with thorough consideration of multiple uncertainty factors under the International Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement. In addition, side-to-side differences in onset latency, amplitude, and nerve conduction velocity (NCV) were analyzed.
Results
Mean (reference range) for distal onset latency, baseline to negative peak amplitude, NCV of tibial motor nerve in males in their 20s were 4.3 ms (3.1–5.4 ms), 7.1 mV (3.4–10.9 mV), and 50.7 m/s (42.2–59.3 m/s), respectively; sural sensory nerve baseline to negative peak amplitude in males in their 20s was 21.7 μV (8.3–35.2 μV). Including the aforementioned data, we present a vast dataset of normative mean values and expanded uncertainties for NCSs of the leg in a healthy Korean population. Furthermore, upper limits for normal side-to-side differences for onset latency, amplitude, and NCV of each nerve are suggested.
Conclusion
To our knowledge, this is the first study to present the reference standards of leg NCSs with consideration for multifactorial uncertainties in an Asian population. We expect these results to help practitioners make reliable and reproducible clinical decisions.

Citations

• Estimating Reference Limits for Motor Conduction Block Using Latency Adjustment and a Modified MeRef Model
  Thorbjørn S. Engedal, Erisela Qerama, Jón Á. Benediktsson, Oliver R. Kjeldsen, Birger Johnsen, Sigbjørn Hokland
  Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Effect of Adding Scapulothoracic Stabilization Exercises to Dorsal Scapular Nerve Blockade in Patients with Nerve Entrapment Syndrome: A Single Blinded randomized Controlled Trial
  Bassam A El-Nassag, Nessren M Abd el-Rady, Marwa Mahmoud Abdelrady, Amina Awad, Nehad A Abo-zaid, Shymaa Salem
  NeuroRehabilitation.2025; 57(2): 239.     CrossRef
• Effect of Salt Glow Massage on Nerve Conduction in Patients with Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy: A Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial
  Kathiresan Natarajan, Arunthathi Kathiresan, G. Sathiyavathi, Yogapriya Chidambaram, L. Nivethitha, A. Mooventhan, N. Manavalan
  Diabetes Technology and Obesity Medicine.2025; 1(1): 271.     CrossRef
• Evaluation of Side-to-Side Differences in Lower Extremity Sensory Nerve Action Potential (SNAP) Amplitude in Relation to Motor Nerve Conduction Studies
  Handan Uzunçakmak-Uyanık, Merve Melodi Çakar, Refah Sayın
  Cureus.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Altered descending modulation in patients with chronic primary low back pain assessed by non-invasive functional near-infrared spectroscopy
  Raúl Caulier-Cisterna, Juan Oyarzún, Juan Appelgren-Gonzalez, Pamela Franco, Hugo Demandes, Mauricio Campos, Sergio Uribe, Antonio Eblen-Zajjur
  Journal of Neural Engineering.2025; 22(6): 066012.     CrossRef
• Einfluss des Patientenalters auf Parameter der Elektroneurographie
  Vera Kleinveld, Christian Eggers, Wolfgang Löscher, Cristina Cerinza Sick
  Klinische Neurophysiologie.2024; 55(01): 8.     CrossRef
• Revisiting the compound muscle action potential (CMAP)
  Paul E. Barkhaus, Sanjeev D. Nandedkar, Mamede de Carvalho, Michael Swash, Erik V. Stålberg
  Clinical Neurophysiology Practice.2024; 9: 176.     CrossRef
• Reference Standard of Median Nerve Conduction Study in Korea
  Jae Hyun Lee, Eunkyung Kim, Hyung-Seok Shim, Min-Gu Kang, Keewon Kim, Sang Yoon Lee, Goo Joo Lee, Shi-Uk Lee, Jae-Young Lim, Sun Gun Chung, Byung-Mo Oh
  Annals of Rehabilitation Medicine.2024; 48(4): 259.     CrossRef
• Reliability of submaximal stimulation for the train-of-four test using acceleromyography and electromyography with individualized stimulation currents
  Gi Year Lee, Sooyoung Cho, Hee Jung Baik, Jong Wha Lee, Jae Hee Woo, Hyun Jung Lee, Seung Hee Yoo
  Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing.2023; 37(2): 431.     CrossRef
• Short-term evaluation of motor and sensory nerve conduction parameters in COVID-19-associated peripheral neuropathy patients
  Mahmood D. Al-Mendalawi
  The Egyptian Journal of Bronchology.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Nerve Conduction Differences in a Large Clinical Population: The Role of Age and Sex
  Shahar Shelly, Roni Ramon-Gonen, Pritikanta Paul, Christopher J. Klein, Eyal Klang, Nisim Rahman, Vera Nikitin, Merav Ben David, Amir Dori
  Journal of Neuromuscular Diseases.2023; 10(5): 925.     CrossRef
• Refined Diagnostic Protocol for Diabetic Polyneuropathy: Paving the Way for Timely Detection
  Byung-Mo Oh
  Annals of Rehabilitation Medicine.2023; 47(4): 234.     CrossRef
• Relationship Between Clinical Outcomes and Nerve Conduction Studies Before and After Viral Infections in Healthy Individuals: Case Series
  Sarah H Al-Mazidi, Fawzia ALRouq, Areej S Alsabty, Abdullah Alhajlah, Asma AlYahya, Ahmed Alsabih, Reema Al-taweraqi, Abdullah S Alahmari, Lina Al-Dakhil, Syed Habib
  Cureus.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef

Objective
To investigate the clinical factors associated with successful gastrostomy tube weaning in patients with prolonged dysphagia after stroke.
Methods
This study involved a retrospective medical chart review of patients diagnosed with prolonged dysphagia after stroke who underwent gastrostomy tube insertion between May 2013 and January 2020. Forty-seven patients were enrolled and consequently divided into gastrostomy tube sustaining and weaning groups. The numbers of patients in the sustaining and weaning groups were 31 and 16, respectively. The patients’ demographic data, Korean version of Mini-Mental State Examination (K-MMSE) score, Korean version of the Modified Barthel Index (K-MBI), Functional Dysphagia Scale (FDS) score, and Penetration-Aspiration Scale (PAS) score were compared between the two groups. A videofluoroscopic swallowing study was performed before making the decision of gastrostomy tube weaning. The clinical factors associated with gastrostomy tube weaning were then investigated.
Results
There were significant differences in age; history of aspiration pneumonia; K-MMSE, FDS, and PAS scores; and K-MBI between the groups. In the multiple logistic regression analysis, the FDS (odds ratio [OR]=0.791; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.634–0.987) and PAS scores (OR=0.205; 95% CI, 0.059–0.718) were associated with successful gastrostomy tube weaning. In the receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, the FDS and PAS were useful screening tools for successful weaning, with areas under the curve of 0.911 and 0.918, respectively.
Conclusion
In patients with prolonged dysphagia, the FDS and PAS scores are the only factors associated with successful gastrostomy tube weaning. An evaluation of the swallowing function is necessary before deciding to initiate gastrostomy tube weaning.

Citations

• Predictors of complete oral feeding resumption after feeding tube placement in patients with stroke and dysphagia: A systematic review
  Yijing Li, Zhihua Xu, Xu Zhang, Dongfei Ma, Xiangfei Meng, Mengting Zhang, Jiao Sun
  Journal of Clinical Nursing.2023; 32(11-12): 2533.     CrossRef
• “Timing of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tube placement in post-stroke patients does not impact mortality, complications, or outcomes”: Commentary
  Jonathan Willman, Brandon Lucke-Wold
  World Journal of Gastrointestinal Pharmacology and Therapeutics.2023; 14(1): 1.     CrossRef
• Association between successful weaning from nasogastric tube feeding and thoracic muscle mass in patients with aspiration pneumonia
  Hyun Woo Lee, Dong Hyun Kim, Kwang Nam Jin, Hyo-Jin Lee, Jung-Kyu Lee, Tae Yeon Park, Deog Kyeom Kim, Eun Young Heo
  Medicine.2023; 102(30): e34298.     CrossRef
• Assessment and treatment of neurogenic dysphagia in stroke and Parkinson's disease
  Giuseppe Cosentino, Massimiliano Todisco, Carla Giudice, Cristina Tassorelli, Enrico Alfonsi
  Current Opinion in Neurology.2022; 35(6): 741.     CrossRef

Objective
To investigate appropriate treatment time and useful bone turnover markers (BTMs) for monitoring bone turnover during the postmenopausal period, we analyzed changes of two bone resorption markers; serum carboxyterminal telopeptide of collagen I (s-CTX), urine deoxypyridinoline (u-DPD), one bone formation marker; serum osteocalcin (s-OC), and bone mineral density (BMD) in Korean postmenopausal women.
Methods
Seventy-eight menopausal women were divided into three groups according to postmenopausal period: group I (0–5 years), group II (6–10 years), group III (≥10 years). All groups were subdivided into an osteoporosis group (T-score≤-2.5) and a non-osteoporosis group (T-score>-2.5). BTMs such as s-CTX, u-DPD, s-OC, and BMD (g/cm2) were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) in all patients. Analysis of variables among groups based on the postmenopausal period was performed using ANOVA.
Results
There was significant negative correlation between BMD and postmenopausal period. The levels of all BTMs including s-CTX, u-DPD, and s-OC were highest in group II and the increased levels of all BTMs subsequently declined in group III. The levels of BTMs were higher in the osteoporosis groups than in the nonosteoporosis groups in all subjects. It was statistically significant that the level of s-CTX in group I was higher in the osteoporosis group than in the non-osteoporosis group.
Conclusion
This study showed that bone resorption and bone formation were the highest 5–10 years after menopause, and s-CTX is more useful than u-DPD among the bone resorption markers. It’s important to measure serially both BMD and BTM within 10 years after menopause for accurate diagnosis and management for postmenopausal osteoporosis.

Citations

• Alternating Aerobics with Resistance Exercise Improves Bone Density and Circulating Irisin Levels in Postmenopausal Women
  MINGXIAN CHEN, YUAN ZHANG, XINKAI YU, QUN ZUO
  Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise.2025; 57(5): 921.     CrossRef
• Isovitexin, a natural adiponectin agonist, prevents glucocorticoid-induced osteosarcopenia
  Chirag Kulkarni, Saroj Kumar, Shamima Khatoon, Sreyanko Sadhukhan, Kaveri R. Washimkar, Akhilesh Kumar, Shivani Sharma, Swati Rajput, Konica Porwal, Madhav Nilakanth Mugale, Srikanta Kumar Rath, Madan Madhav Godbole, Sabyasachi Sanyal, Navin Kumar, Ambris
  Endocrine.2025; 89(2): 565.     CrossRef
• Identification and Validation of Novel Lipids Linked to Bone Mineral Density Change and Fracture Risk
  Canchen Ma, Ziyuan Shen, Jing Tian, Yvette L. Schooneveldt, Corey Giles, Flavia Cicuttini, Graeme Jones, Peter J. Meikle, Feng Pan
  Calcified Tissue International.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
• The Association of Bone-related Biomarkers With Incident Hip Fracture: A Nested Case-control Study
  Sara J Cromer, Elaine W Yu, Elisabetta Patorno, Gary C Curhan, Julie M Paik
  Journal of the Endocrine Society.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Changes in bone mineral density and clinical parameters after stroke in elderly patients with osteopenia
  Yeong Kyun Bae, Myeong Hun Kang, Jae Hyun Lee, Young Joo Sim, Ho Joong Jeong, GhiChan Kim
  Medicine.2024; 103(4): e37028.     CrossRef
• Current knowledge of bone-derived factor osteocalcin: its role in the management and treatment of diabetes mellitus, osteoporosis, osteopetrosis and inflammatory joint diseases
  Monika Martiniakova, Roman Biro, Veronika Kovacova, Martina Babikova, Nina Zemanova, Vladimira Mondockova, Radoslav Omelka
  Journal of Molecular Medicine.2024; 102(4): 435.     CrossRef
• Quality of life as an indicator of connective tissue condition in women with metabolic syndrome without estrogen support
  E. S. Krutikov, Z. S. Rumyantseva, N. S. Tribrat, E. Yu. Zyablitskaya, V. B. Demyanova, G. A. Puchkina, N. V. Efremova, A. A. Gorbunov
  Сибирский научный медицинский журнал.2024; 44(1): 147.     CrossRef
• Molecular mechanisms of poor osseointegration in irradiated bone: In vivo study in a rat tibia model
  Omar Omar, Louise Rydén, Abdel Rahman Wamied, Ibrahim Al‐Otain, Hussain Alhawaj, Hatem Abuohashish, Faisal Al‐Qarni, Lena Emanuelsson, Anna Johansson, Anders Palmquist, Peter Thomsen
  Journal of Clinical Periodontology.2024; 51(9): 1236.     CrossRef
• Effects of daily probiotic supplementation with Lactobacillus acidophilus on calcium status, bone metabolism biomarkers, and bone mineral density in postmenopausal women: a controlled and randomized clinical study
  Iskandar Azmy Harahap, Małgorzata Moszak, Magdalena Czlapka-Matyasik, Katarzyna Skrypnik, Paweł Bogdański, Joanna Suliburska
  Frontiers in Nutrition.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Pregnancy and lactation associated osteoporotic vertebral fracture: the neurosurgical perspective through a multicentric study
  Teresa Somma, Ciro Mastantuoni, Rossella Rispoli, Ilaria Bove, Andrea Bocchino, Antonio Stefano Salcuni, Lorenza Driul, Felice Esposito, Paolo Cappabianca, Enrico Tessitore, Barbara Cappelletto
  Neurosurgical Review.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Exploring cytokines dynamics: Uncovering therapeutic concepts for metabolic disorders in postmenopausal women- diabetes, metabolic bone diseases, and non-alcohol fatty liver disease
  Amin Ullah, Yongxiu Chen, Rajeev K. Singla, Dan Cao, Bairong Shen
  Ageing Research Reviews.2024; 101: 102505.     CrossRef
• Effects of isoflavone interventions on bone turnover markers and factors regulating bone metabolism in postmenopausal women: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
  Ratchanon Inpan, Nahathai Dukaew, Mingkwan Na Takuathung, Supanimit Teekachunhatean, Nut Koonrungsesomboon
  Archives of Osteoporosis.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Potential Effect of Nigella sativa on Osteoporosis in Ovariectomized Rats: Possible Role of Hypoxia Inducible Factor 1-α
  Noha S. Sobhy, Ansam Aly Seif, Doaa A. Abou-Bakr, Safaa M. Shaker, Dalia A. Saad
  Journal of Evolutionary Biochemistry and Physiology.2023; 59(2): 395.     CrossRef
• Impact of vitamin D supplementation on markers of bone turnover: Systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomised controlled trials
  Mohammad Hassan Sohouli, Sicong Wang, Faisal Almuqayyid, Mariana Papini Gabiatti, Fateme Mozaffari, Zahra Mohamadian, Nazanin Koushki, Kamar Allayl Alras, Abdullah M. AlHossan, Saud K. Albatati, Aya Alfardous Alazm, Saeed Baradwan, Mihnea‐Alexandru Găman,
  European Journal of Clinical Investigation.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
• The combined effect of rowing exercise and the intake of functional foods containing inulin on muscle mass and bone mineral density in older Japanese women
  Hiroko Murata, Qiwei Zhang, Tomoko Ito, Ryoko Kawakami, Shizuo Sakamoto, Suguru Torii, Shigenobu Shibata, Kumpei Tanisawa, Mitsuru Higuchi
  Geriatrics & Gerontology International.2023; 23(11): 779.     CrossRef
• A Risk Assessment Tool for Identifying Osteoporosis in Older Women with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
  Fenghui Pan, Wenxia Cui, Lei Gao, Xiaoting Shi, Mingrui Zhang, Man Li, Haiyan Yang, Yun Hu
  Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology & Diabetes.2022; 130(07): 426.     CrossRef
• Association of bone-related biomarkers with femoral neck bone strength
  Ning Xia, Yun Cai, Wei Wang, Chen Bao, Yunming Li, Qingyun Xie, Wei Xu, Da Liu
  BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Clinical study evaluating β-blockers use and fracture risk in patients with primary osteoporosis Running title
  Mona Abd Elrafea Abdo, Osama Mohamed Ibrahim, Sahar Mohamed El-Haggar, Salwa Elmorsy El-Sayed
  International journal of health sciences.2022; : 1383.     CrossRef
• Polydatin administration attenuates the severe sublesional bone loss in mice with chronic spinal cord injury
  Jiheng Zhan, Dan Luo, Bingde Zhao, Shudong Chen, Jiyao Luan, Junhua Luo, Yu Hou, Yonghui Hou, Wenke Xu, Wanying Yan, Ji Qi, Xing Li, Qing Zhang, Dingkun Lin
  Aging.2022; 14(21): 8856.     CrossRef
• Oligopin® Supplementation Mitigates Oxidative Stress in Postmenopausal Women with Osteopenia: A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial
  Ziba Majidi, Mohammad Ansari, Zhila Maghbooli, Afsaneh Ghasemi, Shadi Sadat Seyyed Ebrahimi, Arash Hossein-nezhad, Solaleh Emamgholipour
  Phytomedicine.2021; 81: 153417.     CrossRef
• Association between Serum Osteocalcin Levels and Metabolic Syndrome according to the Menopausal Status of Korean Women
  Jin-Sook Moon, Mi Hyeon Jin, Hyun-Min Koh
  Journal of Korean Medical Science.2021;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Muskuloskelettale Labordiagnostik im Leistungssport
  Maximilian M. Delsmann, Julian Stürznickel, Michael Amling, Peter Ueblacker, Tim Rolvien
  Der Orthopäde.2021; 50(9): 700.     CrossRef
• Sex-related differences in bone metabolism in osteoporosis observational study
  Kyu Hwan Choi, Jong Ho Lee, Dong Gyu Lee
  Medicine.2021; 100(21): e26153.     CrossRef
• The Human Gut Microbiota: A Key Mediator of Osteoporosis and Osteogenesis
  Kevin D. Seely, Cody A. Kotelko, Hannah Douglas, Brandon Bealer, Amanda E. Brooks
  International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2021; 22(17): 9452.     CrossRef
• A Multi-Institutional Randomized Controlled Trial to Investigate Whether Zoledronate Prevents Bone Loss After Discontinuation of Denosumab: The Study Protocol of Denosumab Sequential Therapy (DST) Trial
  Chia-Che Lee, Chen-Yu Wang, Chih-Chien Hung, Chuan-Ching Huang, Chung-Yi Li, Hsuan-Yu Chen, Yun-Liang Chang, Wo-Jan Tseng, Ting-Ming Wang, Rong-Sen Yang, Tze-Hong Wong, Shau-Huai Fu
  Frontiers in Medicine.2021;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Bone mineral density of proximal femur in adult Chinese females
  Fanjie Li, Yibin Du
  Journal of Orthopaedics.2020; 22: 53.     CrossRef
• Variation of urinary and serum bone turnover marker reference values among pre and postmenopausal women in Asia: a systematic review
  Hasanga Rathnayake, Sarath Lekamwasam, Chandima Wickramatilake, Janaka Lenora
  Archives of Osteoporosis.2020;[Epub]     CrossRef

• Soluble Biomarkers of Osteoporosis and Osteoarthritis, from Pathway Mapping to Clinical Trials: An Update

  
  Előd Nagy, Csilla Nagy-Finna, Horațiu-Valeriu Popoviciu, Béla Kovács
  Clinical Interventions in Aging.2020; Volume 15: 501.     CrossRef
• Metabolomics profiling reveals Echinops latifolius Tausch improves the trabecular micro-architecture of ovariectomized rats mainly via intervening amino acids and glycerophospholipids metabolism
  Jiaqi Wang, Xin Dong, Feixiang Ma, Chunyan Li, Ren Bu, Jingkun Lu, Jianping Gao, Peifeng Xue
  Journal of Ethnopharmacology.2020; 260: 113018.     CrossRef
• Gut microbiota and metabolite alterations associated with reduced bone mineral density or bone metabolic indexes in postmenopausal osteoporosis
  Jianquan He, Shuangbin Xu, Bangzhou Zhang, Chuanxing Xiao, Zhangran Chen, Fuyou Si, Jifan Fu, Xiaomei Lin, Guohua Zheng, Guangchuang Yu, Jian Chen
  Aging.2020; 12(9): 8583.     CrossRef
• Folate and Vitamin B‐12 Status Is Associated With Bone Mineral Density and Hip Strength of Postmenopausal Chinese‐Singaporean Women
  Maria Kalimeri, Francesca Leek, Nan Xin Wang, Huann Rong Koh, Nicole C Roy, David Cameron‐Smith, Marlena C Kruger, Christiani Jeyakumar Henry, John J Totman
  JBMR Plus.2020;[Epub]     CrossRef
• The Effect of Physical Activity on Bone Biomarkers in People With Osteoporosis: A Systematic Review
  Sofia Marini, Giuseppe Barone, Alice Masini, Laura Dallolio, Laura Bragonzoni, Yari Longobucco, Francesca Maffei
  Frontiers in Endocrinology.2020;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Aptamers for Proteins Associated with Rheumatic Diseases: Progress, Challenges, and Prospects of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Applications
  Elizaveta A. Shatunova, Maksim A. Korolev, Vitaly O. Omelchenko, Yuliya D. Kurochkina, Anna S. Davydova, Alya G. Venyaminova, Mariya A. Vorobyeva
  Biomedicines.2020; 8(11): 527.     CrossRef
• Bone turnover markers in osteoporosis - a common position on their use by the Society for Metabolic Skeletal Diseases (SMOS) of the Czech Medical Association JEP and the Czech Society of Clinical Biochemistry (CSCB)
  R Pikner, V Palička, J Rosa, V Zikán, Z Švagera, J Racek, B Friedecký, J Kratochvíla, T Zima
  Klinická biochemie a metabolismus.2020; 28(2): 48.     CrossRef
• Bone turnover markers in osteoporosis: a common statement on their use of the Society for Metabolic Bone Diseases within the Czech Medical Association of J.E. Purkyne (SMBD CzMA JEP) and the Czech Society of Clinical Biochemistry within the Czech Medical
  Richard Pikner, Vladimír Palička, Rosa Jan, Vít Zikán, Zdeněk Švagera, Jaroslav Racek, Bedřich Friedecký, Josef Kratochvíla, Tomáš Zima
  Clinical Osteology.2020; 25(2): 65.     CrossRef
• A meta-analysis of serum osteocalcin level in postmenopausal osteoporotic women compared to controls
  Zhongyu Liu, Ruiqiang Chen, Yutong Jiang, Yang Yang, Lei He, Chunxiao Luo, Jianwen Dong, Limin Rong
  BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders.2019;[Epub]     CrossRef

Objective
To investigate the differences in hyolaryngeal kinematics at rest and during swallowing in the upright sitting (UP) and the lateral decubitus (LD) postures in healthy adults, and delineating any potential advantages of swallowing while in the LD posture.
Methods
Swallowing was videofluoroscopically evaluated in 20 healthy volunteers in UP and LD postures, based on the movements of hyoid bone, vocal folds, and the bolus head. Parameters included the Penetration-Aspiration Scale (PAS), horizontal and vertical displacement, horizontal and vertical initial position, horizontal and vertical peak position, time to peak position of the hyoid bone and vocal folds, and pharyngeal transit time (PTT).
Results
Nine participants were rated PAS 2 in the UP and 1 was rated PAS 2 in the LD (p=0.003) at least 1 out of 3 swallows each posture. The hyoid and vocal folds showed more anterior and superior peak and initial positions in the LD. In addition, swallowing resulted in greater vertical and smaller horizontal displacement of the hyoid in LD posture compared with UP. Time to peak position of the hyoid was shorter in LD. The maximal vertical and horizontal displacement of the vocal folds, and PTT were comparable between postures.
Conclusion
The results showed that the peak and initial positions of the hyoid and larynx and the pattern of hyoid movement varied significantly depending on the body postures. This study suggests that the LD posture was one of the safe feeding postures without any increased risk compared with UP posture.

Citations

• Postural Considerations for Feeding and Swallowing：Focus on Seating Strategies
  Haruhi Inokuchi
  The Japanese Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine.2026; 63(1): 25.     CrossRef
• Location of the upper oesophageal sphincter during swallowing: Analysis using swallowing CT
  Minxing Gao, Yoko Inamoto, Eiichi Saitoh, Keiko Aihara, Seiko Shibata, Marlis Gonzalez‐Fernandez, Yohei Otaka
  Journal of Oral Rehabilitation.2024; 51(7): 1193.     CrossRef
• Successful Continuation of Oral Intake in a Dysphagic and Tetraplegic Patient With Alternate Right and Left Complete Lateral Decubitus Positions in Rehabilitation
  Yoshinori Maki, Mayumi Takagawa, Akio Goda, Junichi Katsura, Ken Yanagibashi
  Cureus.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Subjective and objective evaluation of swallowing in lateral decubitus positions examined in healthy volunteers
  Mayumi Takagawa, Akio Goda, Yoshinori Maki, Ryota Ishibashi, Takumi Morita, Junichi Katsura, Ken Yanagibashi
  European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology.2022; 279(2): 1071.     CrossRef
• How a personalised transportable folding device for seating impacts dysphagia
  Virginie Woisard, Mireille Costes, Hélène Colineaux, Benoit Lepage
  European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology.2020; 277(1): 179.     CrossRef
• Online Learning for the Hyoid Bone Tracking During Swallowing With Neck Movement Adjustment Using Semantic Segmentation
  Dongheon Lee, Woo Hyung Lee, Han Gil Seo, Byung-Mo Oh, Jung Chan Lee, Hee Chan Kim
  IEEE Access.2020; 8: 157451.     CrossRef
• Proportion of Aspiration Pneumonia Cases Among Patients With Community-Acquired Pneumonia: A Single-Center Study in Korea
  Inpyo Jeon, Gwang Pyo Jung, Han Gil Seo, Ju Seok Ryu, Tai Ryoon Han, Byung-Mo Oh
  Annals of Rehabilitation Medicine.2019; 43(2): 121.     CrossRef

Citations

• Assessing subcutaneous changes in lymphedema by subcutaneous tissue ultrasonography and pathological association
  Parkpoom Piyaman, Panitta Sitthinamsuwan, Sirin Apichonbancha, Nutcha Yodrabum
  Scientific Reports.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Ultrasonographic Anatomy and Examination of the Subcutaneous Tissue (in Lymphedema)
  Carmelo Pirri, Nina Pirri, Chiara Ferraretto, Lucia Petrelli, Veronica Macchi, Andrea Porzionato, Raffaele De Caro, Levent Özçakar, Carla Stecco
  Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine.2025; 44(10): 1733.     CrossRef
• Is the Absence of Manual Lymphatic Drainage-Based Treatment in Lymphedema after Breast Cancer Harmful? A Randomized Crossover Study
  Iria Da Cuña-Carrera, Mercedes Soto-González, Rocío Abalo-Núñez, Eva M. Lantarón-Caeiro
  Journal of Clinical Medicine.2024; 13(2): 402.     CrossRef
• Analysis of Different Lymphedema Assessment Tools in Women with Breast Cancer After Mastectomy
  Rocío Abalo-Núñez, Iria Da Cuña-Carrera, Alejandra Alonso-Calvete, Eva M. Lantarón-Caeiro, Mercedes Soto-González
  Lymphatic Research and Biology.2024; 22(4): 224.     CrossRef
• Combined Complete Decongestive Therapy Reduces Volume and Improves Quality of Life and Functional Status in Patients With Breast Cancer-Related Lymphedema
  Pınar Borman, Ayşegül Yaman, Sina Yasrebi, Adeviye Pınar İnanlı, Ayşe Arıkan Dönmez
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