Objective
To confirm the effects of combined upper limb robotic therapy (RT) as compared to conventional occupational therapy (OT) in tetraplegic spinal cord injury (SCI) patients and to suggest the optimized treatment guidelines of combined upper limb RT.
Methods
After subject recruitment and screening for eligibility, the baseline evaluation for outcome measures were performed. We evaluated the Graded and Redefined Assessment of Strength, Sensibility, and Prehension (GRASSP), the American Spinal Injury Association upper extremity motor score, grip and pinch strength, and the Spinal Cord Independence Measurement III (SCIM-III). In this study, the pre-tested participants were divided randomly into the RT and OT group. The utilized interventions included combined upper limb RT using ArmeoPower and Amadeo (RT group), or conventional OT (OT group) in addition to daily inpatient rehabilitation program. The participants underwent 40 minutes×3 sessions×5 weeks of interventions.
Results
A total of 30 tetraplegic SCI patients completed entire study program. After 5 weeks of intervention, both groups demonstrated increases in GRASSP-strength and SCIM-III. The manual muscle test scores of elbow flexion, elbow extension, 2-5th metacarpophalangeal extension, and SCIM-III subscores of bathing-upper, dressing-upper, and grooming as well as the GRASSP-qualitative prehension score were noted to have been significantly increased in the RT group as evaluated. The OT group showed improvements in the GRASSP-quantitative prehension score and some items in grip and pinch strength. There was no significant difference between the two groups in almost all measurements except for the SCIM-III bathing-upper subscore.
Conclusion
Combined upper limb RT demonstrated beneficial effects on the upper limb motor function in patients with tetraplegic SCI, which were comparable with conventional OT.

Citations

• Anxiety and Depression in Pediatric-Onset Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury: A Systematic Review
  Mohammad Mofatteh, Mohammad Sadegh Mashayekhi, Saman Arfaie, Yimin Chen, Armaan K. Malhotra, Georgios P. Skandalakis, Mohammed Ali Alvi, Fardad T. Afshari, Shakila Meshkat, Famu Lin, Ebtesam Abdulla, Ayush Anand, Xuxing Liao, Roger S. McIntyre, Carlo Sant
  World Neurosurgery.2024; 184: 267.     CrossRef
• Technology-Assisted Upper Limb Therapy (TAULT): Evaluation of Clinical Practice at a Specialised Centre for Spinal Cord Injury in Switzerland
  Daniela B. Kuchen, Beatrice Hubacher, Andris Ladner, Inge-Marie Velstra, Mario Widmer
  Healthcare.2023; 11(23): 3055.     CrossRef
• Reliability Validity and Responsiveness of the Spinal Cord Independence Measure 4th Version in a Multicultural Setup
  Amiram Catz, Malka Itzkovich, Keren Elkayam, Dianne Michaeli, Ilana Gelernter, Yoav Benjamini, Harvinder Singh Chhabra, Luigi Tesio, Einat Engel-Haber, Emiliana Bizzarini, Claudio Pilati, Giulio Del Popolo, Ilaria Baroncini, Nan Liu, Paulo Margalho, Thaba
  Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation.2022; 103(3): 430.     CrossRef
• Donor activation focused rehabilitation approach to hand closing nerve transfer surgery in individuals with cervical level spinal cord injury
  Lorna C. Kahn, Adam G. Evans, Elspeth J. R. Hill, Ida K. Fox
  Spinal Cord Series and Cases.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
• The Impact of Robotic Therapy on the Self-Perception of Upper Limb Function in Cervical Spinal Cord Injury: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial
  V. Lozano-Berrio, M. Alcobendas-Maestro, B. Polonio-López, A. Gil-Agudo, A. de la Peña-González, A. de los Reyes-Guzmán
  International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2022; 19(10): 6321.     CrossRef
• The Outcomes of Robotic Rehabilitation Assisted Devices Following Spinal Cord Injury and the Prevention of Secondary Associated Complications
  Carmen Delia Nistor-Cseppento, Anamaria Gherle, Nicoleta Negrut, Simona Gabriela Bungau, Anca Maria Sabau, Andrei-Flavius Radu, Alexa Florina Bungau, Delia Mirela Tit, Bogdan Uivaraseanu, Timea Claudia Ghitea, Diana Uivarosan
  Medicina.2022; 58(10): 1447.     CrossRef
• LncRNA Airsci increases the inflammatory response after spinal cord injury in rats through the nuclear factor kappa B signaling pathway
  Tao Zhang, Kang Li, Zi-Lu Zhang, Kai Gao, Chao-Liang Lv
  Neural Regeneration Research.2021; 16(4): 772.     CrossRef
• Do any physiotherapy interventions increase spinal cord independence measure or functional independence measure scores in people with spinal cord injuries? A systematic review
  Lisa A. Harvey, Joanne V. Glinsky, Jackie Chu
  Spinal Cord.2021; 59(7): 705.     CrossRef
• Design and Performance Evaluation of a Hybrid Hand Exoskeleton for Hand Opening/Closing
  Muhammad Ahsan Gull, Shaoping Bai, Jakob Udby Blicher, Tobias Glaston Staermose
  Journal of Medical Devices.2021;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Upper Limb Robotic Rehabilitation for Patients with Cervical Spinal Cord Injury: A Comprehensive Review
  Giovanni Morone, Alessandro de Sire, Alex Martino Cinnera, Matteo Paci, Luca Perrero, Marco Invernizzi, Lorenzo Lippi, Michela Agostini, Irene Aprile, Emanuela Casanova, Dario Marino, Giuseppe La Rosa, Federica Bressi, Silvia Sterzi, Daniele Giansanti, Al
  Brain Sciences.2021; 11(12): 1630.     CrossRef
• Clinical efficacy ofMajoon FalasfaandRoghan-e-Surkhin post-stroke-disability: an open labeled, pre-post analysis
  Izhar Ahmad, Tanzeel Ahmad, Mohd Aleemuddin Quamri
  Drug Metabolism and Drug Interactions.2021; 36(1): 41.     CrossRef
• Clinical efficacy ofMajoon FalasfaandRoghan-e-Surkhin post-stroke-disability: an open labeled, pre-post analysis
  Izhar Ahmad, Tanzeel Ahmad, Mohd Aleemuddin Quamri
  Drug Metabolism and Personalized Therapy.2020;[Epub]     CrossRef

Objective
To evaluate the relationship between the palmar cutaneous branch of median nerve (PCBMN) and surrounding anatomical structures by using high-resolution ultrasound (HRUS) to assess the risk of PCBMN injury.
Methods
The PCBMN course and the characteristics of bilateral distal forearms and wrists of 30 healthy volunteers were identified. The distance between PCBMN and other anatomical structures at three different levels along its course were measured using HRUS. Moreover, the depth of PCBMN from skin and its cross-sectional area (CSA) were measured.
Results
HRUS showed the PCBMN in all subjects. PCBMN branched off from the radial aspect of the median nerve (MN) at 4.69±0.89 cm proximal to the bistyloid line (BSL) and extended radially toward the flexor carpi radialis (FCR) tendon. PCBMN was within the ulnar edge of FCR tendon sheath, and became more superficial and perforated the antebrachial fascia between the FCR tendon laterally and the palmaris longus (PL) tendon medially. PCBMN was located at 4.08±0.72 mm on the ulnar aspect of the FCR tendon and 4.78±0.36 mm radially on the PL tendon at BSL. At the distal wrist crease level, the PCBMN was located at 5.68±0.58 mm on the ulnar side of the FCR tendon. The PCBMN depth from skin at BSL and its branching point was 1.92±0.41 and 7.95±0.79 mm, respectively. The PCBMN CSA was 0.26±0.15 mm² at BSL.
Conclusion
HRUS can be used to identify PCBMN and its relationship with other anatomical structures. Our data can be used to predict PCBMN location, and prevent complications associated with invasive procedures involving the wrist.

Citations

• Sonography of the Thenar Motor Branch of the Median Nerve
  Márcio Luís Duarte, Ocacir de Souza Reis Soares, Jean‐Louis Brasseur
  Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Pillar Pain After Minimally Invasive and Standard Open Carpal Tunnel Release: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
  Annora Ai-Wei Kumar, Matthew Lawson-Smith
  Journal of Hand Surgery Global Online.2024; 6(2): 212.     CrossRef
• Transbrachial Artery as Single or Combined Approach for Complex Interventions in Patients with Peripheral Artery Disease
  Jiawen Wu, Jinyan Xu, Qingyuan Yu, Cheng Chen, Yu Xiao, Junmin Bao, Liangxi Yuan
  Annals of Vascular Surgery.2024; 102: 209.     CrossRef
• Cadaveric Study of Thread Carpal Tunnel Release Using Newly Developed Thread, With a Histologic Perspective
  Hae-Yeon Park, Jae Min Kim, In Jong Kim, Minsuk Kang, Jung Ryul Ham, Yong Seok Nam
  Annals of Rehabilitation Medicine.2023; 47(1): 19.     CrossRef
• Ultrasound Imaging and Guidance for Distal Peripheral Nerve Pathologies at the Wrist/Hand
  Wei-Ting Wu, Ke-Vin Chang, Yu-Chun Hsu, Yuan-Yuan Tsai, Kamal Mezian, Vincenzo Ricci, Levent Özçakar
  Diagnostics.2023; 13(11): 1928.     CrossRef
• Modified Carpal Tunnel Release
  Tarik Mujadzic, Harold I. Friedman, Mirza M. Mujadzic, Charles Gober, Elliot Chen, Abdelaziz Atwez, Martin Durkin, Mirsad M. Mujadzic
  Annals of Plastic Surgery.2021; 86(6S): S503.     CrossRef
• Surgical approaches and applied anatomy of the wrist
  Sarah Henning, Matthew Weston, Michael David
  Orthopaedics and Trauma.2021; 35(4): 174.     CrossRef
• Prevention and Management of Complications of Tissue Flaps
  Travis J. Miller, Christopher V. Lavin, Arash Momeni, Derrick C. Wan
  Surgical Clinics of North America.2021; 101(5): 813.     CrossRef
• Is Palmar Cutaneous Branch of the Median Nerve More Swollen in Carpal Tunnel Syndrome?
  Ha Mok Jeong, Young Ha Jeong, Joon Shik Yoon
  Annals of Rehabilitation Medicine.2021; 45(4): 325.     CrossRef
• Anatomy of the nerves, vessels, and muscular compartments of the forearm, as revealed by high-resolution ultrasound. Part 1: overall structure and forearm compartments
  Áurea V. R. Mohana Borges, Sergio A. L Souza
  Radiologia Brasileira.2021; 54(6): 388.     CrossRef
• Ultrasound Findings in Less Frequent Causes of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
  Stefano Bianchi, Douglas F. Hoffman, Giorgio Tamborrini, Pierre‐Alexandre Poletti
  Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine.2020; 39(12): 2469.     CrossRef

Objective
To investigate the effect of adding Nordic exercise as post-training in decreasing hamstring initial, recurrent injuries rates, and their severity.
Methods
In this randomly controlled trial study, 34 professional football players aged 21 to 35 years were randomly assigned into two groups (17 players each) from Sporting clubs at Alexandria, Egypt. For group one, Nordic hamstring exercise (NHE) was performed pre-training and post-training. For group two, NHE was only performed pre-training. The control group was the same team during the previous season. Length of the trial was 12 weeks. The Australian football association injury form was used to collect incidence of injuries for each subject in both groups.
Results
Pooled results based on total injuries showed that group one had significantly less hamstring initial injuries (92% less) than the previous season, while group two had 80% less initial injuries and 85% less recurrent injuries than previous season. Regarding the severity of injuries in term of mean number of absent days, it was 1 day for group one and 2.7 days for group two while it was 7.95 days for the previous season during total risk time of 116.3±13.2 and 117.6±5.7 exposure hours for group one and group two, respectively.
Conclusion
The use of NHE as a prevention protocol was effective in reducing all hamstring injuries with the use of NHE during pre-training and post-training having the greatest effect.

Citations

• Strengthening football: The role of the nordic hamstring exercise in preventing hamstring injuries
  Roberto Tedeschi, Giacomo Farì, Federica Giorgi, Daniela Platano, Lisa Berti, Andrea Bernetti, Danilo Donati
  Journal of Back and Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Weekly Programming of Hamstring-Related Training Contents in European Professional Soccer
  Pedro Gómez-Piqueras, Antonio Martínez-Serrano, Tomás T. Freitas, Antonio Gómez Díaz, Irineu Loturco, Enric Giménez, Joao Brito, David García-López, Hernan Giuria, Paulino Granero-Gil, Shaun Huygaerts, Francesc Cos, Julio Calleja-González, Emmanuel Vallan
  Sports.2024; 12(3): 73.     CrossRef
• Acute effects of Nordic hamstring exercise on hip and knee joints proprioception
  Mohsen Sadeghi, Mohammad H. Alizadeh, Hooman Minoonejad
  Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies.2024; 39: 382.     CrossRef
• Comparison of the Effects of Pilates and Yoga Exercise on the Dynamic Balancing Ability and Functional Movement of Fencers
  So-Jung Lim, Hyun-Jin Kim, Yong-Soo Kim, Eunkuk Kim, Inyoung Hwang, Ju-Seop Kang
  Life.2024; 14(5): 635.     CrossRef
• Implementing the Copenhagen Adductor Exercise and Nordic Hamstring Exercise in West African Academy Soccer Players: An Intervention Study
  Matthew D DeLang, Lasse Ishøi, Maren Nielsen Hole, Prince Wilson, Michael Segbefia, Kristian Thorborg
  International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Comparing activity of the gluteus maximus and hamstring muscles in fatigue conditions between hamstring injury-experienced and inexperienced individuals
  Sirinda Jaotawipart, Hironobu Kuruma, Takuya Matsumoto, Shunsuke Tsutsumi, Hikari Takashina, Nene Iwamoto, Minjoon Kim
  Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies.2024; 40: 1693.     CrossRef
• Effectiveness of different weekly frequencies of nordic hamstring exercise on performance and injury-associated factors in intermittent sports athletes: protocol of a randomised clinical trial
  Gianfranco Sganzerla, Rodrigo Luiz Carregaro, Paula Felippe Martinez, Silvio Assis de Oliveira-Junior
  European Journal of Physiotherapy.2023; 25(4): 223.     CrossRef
• Effects of Different Hamstring Eccentric Exercise Programs on Preventing Lower Extremity Injuries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
  Chenxi Hu, Zhikun Du, Mei Tao, Yafeng Song
  International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2023; 20(3): 2057.     CrossRef
• Relationship Between Nordic Hamstring Strength and Single Leg Bridge Test in University Soccer Players
  Yuta Murakami, Satoru Nishida, Riku Yoshida, Kazuki Kasahara, Akira Kumazaki, Hirokazu Sakuma, Hirosi Fujimoto, Yuki Kaneko, Otoka Abe, Masatoshi Nakamura
  Journal of Sport Rehabilitation.2023; : 1.     CrossRef
• Eccentric force and electromyogram comparison between the eccentric phase of the Nordic hamstring exercise and the razor hamstring curl
  Yuta Murakami, Satoru Nishida, Kaziki Kasahara, Riku Yoshida, Ryo Hayakawa, Masatoshi Nakamura, Esedullah Akaras
  PLOS ONE.2023; 18(12): e0293938.     CrossRef
• Hamstring Strain Injury in Athletes
  Robroy L. Martin, Michael T. Cibulka, Lori A. Bolgla, Thomas A. Koc, Janice K. Loudon, Robert C. Manske, Leigh Weiss, John J. Christoforetti, Bryan C. Heiderscheit
  Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy.2022; 52(3): CPG1.     CrossRef
• Quo Vadis Nordic Hamstring Exercise-Related Research?—A Scoping Review Revealing the Need for Improved Methodology and Reporting
  Tobias Alt, Jannik Severin, Marcus Schmidt
  International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2022; 19(18): 11225.     CrossRef
• Efectividad de los ejercicios nórdicos sobre la incidencia de lesiones de isquiotibiales en futbolistas profesionales y amateur masculinos entre los 15 y 41 años. Revisión sistemática
  DM Tumiñá-Ospina, Y Rivas-Campo, PA García-Garro, A Gómez-Rodas, Diego Fernando Afanador
  Revista Iberoamericana de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y el Deporte.2022; 11(3): 47.     CrossRef
• The Hamstrings: Anatomic and Physiologic Variations and Their Potential Relationships With Injury Risk
  José Afonso, Sílvia Rocha-Rodrigues, Filipe M. Clemente, Michele Aquino, Pantelis T. Nikolaidis, Hugo Sarmento, Alberto Fílter, Jesús Olivares-Jabalera, Rodrigo Ramirez-Campillo
  Frontiers in Physiology.2021;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Hamstring Strain Injury (HSI) Prevention in Professional and Semi-Professional Football Teams: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
  Carlo Biz, Pietro Nicoletti, Giovanni Baldin, Nicola Luigi Bragazzi, Alberto Crimì, Pietro Ruggieri
  International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2021; 18(16): 8272.     CrossRef
• Why methods matter in a meta-analysis: a reappraisal showed inconclusive injury preventive effect of Nordic hamstring exercise
  Franco M. Impellizzeri, Alan McCall, Maarten van Smeden
  Journal of Clinical Epidemiology.2021; 140: 111.     CrossRef
• Exercise-Based Strategies to Prevent Muscle Injury in Elite Footballers: A Systematic Review and Best Evidence Synthesis
  Maurizio Fanchini, Ida Bo Steendahl, Franco M. Impellizzeri, Ricard Pruna, Gregory Dupont, Aaron J. Coutts, Tim Meyer, Alan McCall
  Sports Medicine.2020; 50(9): 1653.     CrossRef
• No relationship between the nordic hamstring and two different isometric strength tests to assess hamstring muscle strength in professional soccer players
  Víctor Moreno-Pérez, Alberto Méndez-Villanueva, Aitor Soler, Juan Del Coso, Javier Courel-Ibáñez
  Physical Therapy in Sport.2020; 46: 97.     CrossRef

Objective
To assess the effectiveness of our devised hybrid physiotherapy regime using an anti-gravity treadmill and a low-frequency electrical stimulation device, as measured in patients with hip osteoarthritis after total hip arthroplasty (THA).
Methods
The outcomes of the postoperative rehabilitation in 44 patients who underwent THA for hip osteoarthritis were retrospectively examined. The conventional group (n=22) underwent the postoperative rehabilitation according to our protocol, while the hybrid group (n=22) underwent the same training, along with training on an anti-gravity treadmill and training using a low-frequency therapeutic device. The outcome measures were recorded and reviewed with the Numerical Rating Scale for pain, which rates pain on an 11-point scale from 0 to 10, surgical side knee joint extension force, 10-m walking test, Timed Up and Go test, and the 6-minute walking distance (6MD). The outcome measurement was taken 2 weeks after conducting pre-operation and antigravity treadmill training and electrical muscle stimulation, and compared the respective results.
Results
At the timeframe of 2 weeks from the surgery after conducting a devised hybrid physiotherapy, the values of knee extension muscle strength and 6MD were not worse in the hybrid group than conventional group. In the evaluation at 2 weeks after surgery, the knee extension muscle strength and 6MD values significantly decreased compared with the preoperative values only in the conventional group.
Conclusion
Lower limb muscular strength and endurance were maintained in the hybrid group, which suggested that hybrid physiotherapy could maintain physical functions early after THA operation.

Citations

• Functional assessment in patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty
  Richard J. Rivera, Theofilos Karasavvidis, Cale Pagan, Rowan Haffner, Michael P. Ast, Jonathan M. Vigdorchik, Eytan M. Debbi
  The Bone & Joint Journal.2024; 106-B(8): 764.     CrossRef
• Sarcopenia and hip osteoarthritis: possible role for targeted electrical and biophysical muscle stimulation applications
  Ray Marks
  International Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation Journal.2023; 8(1): 80.     CrossRef

Objective
To evaluate correlations between values of articulation tests and language tests for children with articulation disorder in Korea.
Methods
Data of outpatients with chief complaint of an articulation problem were retrospectively collected. Patients who underwent Urimal Test of Articulation and Phonation (U-TAP) with Assessment of Phonology and Articulation for Children (APAC), Preschool Receptive-Expressive Language Scale (PRES), or Receptive and Expressive Vocabulary Test (REVT) simultaneously were identified. Patients whose word-level percentages of correct consonants in U-TAP (UTAP_wC) were more than 2 standard deviations below the mean as diagnostic criteria for articulation disorder were selected. Those whose receptive language age (P_RLA), expressive language age (P_ELA), or combined language age (P_CLA) in PRES was delayed more than 24 months compared to their chronological age in months as diagnostic criteria for language disorder were excluded.
Results
Thirty-three children aged 3–6 years were enrolled retrospectively. PRES and U-TAP showed significant correlations for most of value relationships. PRES and APAC showed significant correlations for all value relationships except for receptive language age. All values of REVT were significantly correlated with all values from U-TAP, but not with any value from APAC. Articulation tests U-TAP and APAC showed significant correlations between percentages of correct consonants. Language tests PRES and REVT showed significant correlations for all value relationships.
Conclusion
This study suggests that articulation abilities and language abilities might be correlated in children with articulation disorder.

Citations

• Effect of Oxcarbazepine on Language Function in Patients With Newly Diagnosed Pediatric Epilepsy
  Min Jeong Han, Ju Hong Min, Sun Jun Kim
  Journal of Clinical Neurology.2023; 19(1): 76.     CrossRef
• Association Between the Language Development and Behavioral-Emotional Problems in Children With Ankyloglossia
  Jong Hwan Lee, Su Il Kim, Seul Ah Lee, Tae Hoon Kim, Young-Gyu Eun, Young Chan Lee
  Korean Journal of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery.2023; 66(7): 462.     CrossRef
• Correlation of Language Assessment Batteries of Toddlers With Developmental Language Delay
  Jin A Yoon, Shin Wook An, Ye Seul Choi, Jae Sik Seo, Seon Jun Yoon, Soo-Yeon Kim, Yong Beom Shin
  Annals of Rehabilitation Medicine.2022; 46(5): 256.     CrossRef
• Dynamic Hemitongue Defect Reconstruction With Functional Gracilis Muscle Free Transfer
  Hojin Park, Joo Seok Park, Woo Shik Jeong, Jong Woo Choi
  Annals of Plastic Surgery.2021; 86(3): 308.     CrossRef
• Clinical Utility of Repeated Urimal Test of Articulation and Phonation for Patients with Childhood Apraxia of Speech
  Jung-Hae Yun, So-Min Shin, Su-Min Son
  Children.2021; 8(12): 1106.     CrossRef
• Characteristics of Functional Speech Sound Disorders in Korean Children
  Min Jeong Han, Sun Jun Kim
  Annals of Child Neurology.2021; 30(1): 8.     CrossRef
• Postural Facial Deformation and Virtual Fit of Non-Invasive Ventilation Mask in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: A Case-Control Observational Pilot Study
  Hayoung Jung, Soo-Yeon Kim, Xin Cui, Wonsup Lee, Dohoon Kwon, Ji-Won Seo, Hyun-Yoon Ko, Sang Hun Kim, Ra Yu Yun, Heecheon You, Sungchul Huh
  SSRN Electronic Journal .2021;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Comparison of simple frenotomy with 4-flap Z-frenuloplasty in treatment for ankyloglossia with articulation difficulty: A prospective randomized study
  Tae Hoon Kim, Young Chan Lee, Seung Don Yoo, Seung Ah Lee, Young-Gyu Eun
  International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology.2020; 136: 110146.     CrossRef

Objective
To evaluate the clinical usefulness of the Korean Developmental Screening Test (K-DST) via comparison with Korean Ages and Stages Questionnaire (K-ASQ) for the diagnosis of developmental delay in pediatric patients.
Methods
The K-DST and K-ASQ were used to screen pediatric patients who visited the hospital for evaluation and diagnosis of delayed development. Korean Bayley Scales of Infant Development-II (K-BSID-II) or Korean Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence III (K-WPPSI-III) were used for the standardized assessment. Moreover, the final clinical diagnosis was confirmed by three expert physicians (rehabilitation doctor, psychiatrist, and neurologist). The sensitivity and specificity of each screening tool for the final diagnosis were investigated and correlated with standardized assessments.
Results
A total of 145 pediatric consultations were conducted, which included 123 developmental disorders (40 autism spectrum disorders, 46 global developmental delay/intellectual disability, and 37 developmental language disorders) and another 22 that were not associated with any such disorders. The sensitivity and specificity of K-DST based on the final clinical diagnosis were 82.9% and 90.9%, respectively, which were not significantly different from that of K-ASQ (83.7% and 77.3%). Both K-DST and K-ASQ showed good correlation with K-BSID-II and K-WPPSI-III. No significant difference was found between the K-DST and K-ASQ measures.
Conclusion
K-DST is an excellent screening tool and is expected to replace K-ASQ with high validity.

Citations

• Developmental screening of neurodevelopmental disorders before age 6: a nationwide health screening program
  Jong Ho Cha, Soorack Ryu, Minjung Park, Byung Chan Lim, Yong Joo Kim, Jin-Hwa Moon
  Pediatric Research.2025; 97(5): 1566.     CrossRef
• Helping kids through early developmental screening
  Sarah B. Mulkey
  Pediatric Research.2025; 97(5): 1449.     CrossRef
• Association between the COVID-19 pandemic and childhood development aged 30 to 36 months in South Korea, based on the National health screening program for infants and children database
  Kyung-Shin Lee, Youn Young Choi, You Sun Kim, Yeonjae Kim, Myoung-Hee Kim, Nami Lee
  BMC Public Health.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Long-term impact of late pulmonary hypertension requiring medication in extremely preterm infants with severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia
  Chan Kim, Sumin Kim, Hanna Kim, Jieun Hwang, Seung Hyun Kim, Misun Yang, So Yoon Ahn, Se In Sung, Yun Sil Chang
  Scientific Reports.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Comparison of parent or caregiver-completed development screening tools with Bayley Scales of Infant Development: a systematic review and meta-analysis
  Haribalakrishna Balasubramanian, Javed Ahmed, Anitha Ananthan, Lakshmi Srinivasan, Diwakar Mohan
  Archives of Disease in Childhood.2024; 109(9): 759.     CrossRef
• Association of fluoride exposure with disease burden and neurodevelopment outcomes in children in South Korea
  Won Seok Lee, Ju Hee Kim, Boeun Han, Gi Chun Lee, Hye Ri Jung, Ye Jin Shin, Eun Kyo Ha, Eun Lee, Soonchul Lee, Man Yong Han
  World Journal of Pediatrics.2024; 20(10): 1029.     CrossRef
• Analyzing the Psychometric Properties of Infant (0–24 Months) Developmental Assessments: A Scoping Review
  Sambidha Ghimire, Eva Ang, Morgan Deibert, Emily Hartvich, Sandra Fucile
  Developmental Neurorehabilitation.2024; 27(5-6): 204.     CrossRef
• Neurodevelopmental outcomes among children with congenital gastrointestinal anomalies using Korean National Health Insurance claims data
  Hannah Cho, In Gyu Song, Youna Lim, Yoon-Min Cho, Han-Suk Kim
  Scientific Reports.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Neurodevelopment at 6 years of age in children with atopic dermatitis
  Ju Hee Kim, Yoon Young Yi, Eun Kyo Ha, Hey Ryung Cha, Man Yong Han, Hey-Sung Baek
  Allergology International.2023; 72(1): 116.     CrossRef
• Korean Developmental Screening Test for Infants and Children (K-DST): development, applications, and implications for future early childhood development interventions
  Dooyoung Kim, Young June Choe, Bilal Aurang Zeb Durrani, EunYoung Kim, Junghye Byeon, Baik-Lin Eun
  Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics.2023; 66(7): 288.     CrossRef
• Risk Factors for Obesity in Five-Year-Old Children: Based on Korean National Health Insurance Service (NHIS) Data
  Mi Jin Choi, Hyunju Kang, Jimi Choi
  Children.2022; 9(3): 314.     CrossRef
• Utility of the Ages and Stages Questionnaire to Identify Developmental Delay in Children Aged 12 to 60 Months
  Saravanan Muthusamy, Deepika Wagh, Jason Tan, Max Bulsara, Shripada Rao
  JAMA Pediatrics.2022; 176(10): 980.     CrossRef
• Association Between Retinopathy of Prematurity in Very-Low-Birth-Weight Infants and Neurodevelopmental Impairment
  Gyule Han, Dong Hui Lim, Danbee Kang, Juhee Cho, Eliseo Guallar, Yun Sil Chang, Tae-Young Chung, Sang Jin Kim, Won Soon Park
  American Journal of Ophthalmology.2022; 244: 205.     CrossRef
• Multiview child motor development dataset for AI-driven assessment of child development
  Hye Hyeon Kim, Jin Yong Kim, Bong Kyung Jang, Joo Hyun Lee, Jong Hyun Kim, Dong Hoon Lee, Hee Min Yang, Young Jo Choi, Myung Jun Sung, Tae Jun Kang, Eunah Kim, Yang Seong Oh, Jaehyun Lim, Soon-Beom Hong, Kiok Ahn, Chan Lim Park, Soon Myeong Kwon, Yu Rang
  GigaScience.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Identification of Growth Patterns in Low Birth Weight Infants from Birth to 5 Years of Age: Nationwide Korean Cohort Study
  So Jin Yoon, Joohee Lim, Jung Ho Han, Jeong Eun Shin, Soon Min Lee, Ho Seon Eun, Min Soo Park, Kook In Park
  International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2021; 18(3): 1206.     CrossRef
• Development of the Parental Questionnaire for Cerebral Visual Impairment in Children Younger than 72 Months
  Jin-Hwa Moon, Gun-Ha Kim, Sung Koo Kim, Seunghyo Kim, Young-Hoon Kim, JoonSik Kim, Jin-Kyung Kim, Byoungho H. Noh, Jung Hye Byeon, Jung Sook Yeom, Baik-Lin Eun, So Hee Eun, Jieun Choi, Hee Jung Chung
  Journal of Clinical Neurology.2021; 17(3): 354.     CrossRef
• Head Growth and Neurodevelopment of Preterm Infants with Surgical Necrotizing Enterocolitis and Spontaneous Intestinal Perforation
  Seung-Han Shin, Ee-Kyung Kim, Seh-Hyun Kim, Hyun-Young Kim, Han-Suk Kim
  Children.2021; 8(10): 833.     CrossRef
• Relationship between Clinical Parameters and Chromosomal Microarray Data in Infants with Developmental Delay
  Zeeihn Lee, Byung Joo Lee, Sungwon Park, Donghwi Park
  Healthcare.2020; 8(3): 305.     CrossRef
• Neurodevelopmental Correlations between the Korean Developmental Screening Test and Bayley Scale III in Very-Low-Birth-Weight Infants
  Sol Han, Oghyang Kim, Chaeri Yoo, Ju Sun Heo, Hyun-Seung Lee, Jihyun Jeon
  Neonatal Medicine.2020; 27(4): 167.     CrossRef

Objective
To compare balance performance and lower limb muscle strength between older adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM), with and without sensory impairments and non-DM groups. Influence of a number of sensory impairments, and muscle strength on balance performance were explored.
Methods
Ninety-two older adults with and without type 2 DM, were examined relative to visual function with the Snellen chart, Melbourne Edge test, and Howard-Dolman test, vestibular function with the modified Romberg test, proprioception of the big toe, and diabetic peripheral neuropathy with the Michigan Neuropathy Screening Instrument. Balance performances were evaluated with the Romberg test, Functional Reach Test (FRT), and Timed Up and Go test (TUG). Strength of knee and ankle muscles was measured.
Results
FRT of type 2 DM groups with at least two sensory impairments, was lower than the non-DM group (p<0.05). TUG of all DM groups, was worse than the non-DM group (p<0.01). Lower limb muscle strength of type 2 DM groups with two and three sensory impairments, was weaker than non-DM group (p<0.05). Regression analysis showed that type 2 DM with three sensory impairments, ankle dorsiflexors strength, and age were influential predictors of TUG.
Conclusion
There were significant differences, of muscle strength and balance performance among groups. Poorer balance and reduced lower limb strength were marked in older adults with type 2 DM, even ones without sensory impairment. Muscle weakness seemed to progress, from the distal part of lower limbs. A greater number of sensory impairments, weaker dorsiflexors, and advanced age influenced balance performance.

Citations

• People with Long Covid and ME/CFS Exhibit Similarly Impaired Balance and Physical Capacity: A Case-Case-Control Study
  Lawrence D. Hayes, Nilihan E.M. Sanal-Hayes, Marie Mclaughlin, Ethan C.J. Berry, Nicholas F. Sculthorpe
  The American Journal of Medicine.2025; 138(1): 140.     CrossRef
• People with Long COVID and ME/CFS Exhibit Similarly Impaired Dexterity and Bimanual Coordination: A Case-Case-Control Study
  Nilihan E.M. Sanal-Hayes, Lawrence D. Hayes, Marie Mclaughlin, Ethan C.J. Berry, Nicholas F. Sculthorpe
  The American Journal of Medicine.2025; 138(5): 893.     CrossRef
• Impact of Physical Activity on Diabetes Symptoms and Balance in Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes and Healthy Adults: A Comparative Study
  Serpil Mıhçıoğlu, Mehtap Malkoç, İlker Yatar
  Cureus.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Examination of Physical Fitness and Nutritional Status in Geriatric Individuals with and without Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
  Özge Cemali, Mustafa Cemali, Özgün Elmas, Zafer Erden
  Physical & Occupational Therapy In Geriatrics.2025; : 1.     CrossRef
• Predictors of Quality of Life Among Older Residents in Rural and Urban Areas in Indonesia: An Approach Using the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health
  Dwi Rosella Komalasari, Chutima Jalayondeja, Wattana Jalayondeja, Yusuf Alam Romadon
  Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health.2025; 58(2): 199.     CrossRef
• Reduced Balance Confidence Significantly Mediates Fear of Falling Avoidance Behavior and Effectiveness of Balance Training in Older Adults With Type II Diabetes
  Szu-Ping Lee, Kian Habashi, Thomas Iida, Hui-Ting Shih, Lung-Chang Chien, Peter G. Kaufman, Carolee J. Winstein
  Journal of Geriatric Physical Therapy.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
• The effects of local calf vibration on balance, blood flow, and nerve conductivity in patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathy: a pilot study
  Hamid R. Fateh, Noureddin Nakhostin Ansari, Amin Nakhostin-Ansari, Mahsa Sabziparvar, Sara Naybandi, Soofia Naghdi, Roshanak Honarpishe
  Physiotherapy Theory and Practice.2024; 40(7): 1397.     CrossRef
• Balance performance, falls-efficacy and social participation in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus with and without vestibular dysfunction
  Dwi Rosella Komalasari, Mantana Vongsirinavarat, Vimonwan Hiengkaew, Nantinee Nualnim
  PeerJ.2024; 12: e17287.     CrossRef
• Impact of Glycemic Control on Shoulder Proprioception in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Mediating the Connection - Insights from a Cross-Sectional Analysis
  Mastour Saeed Alshahrani, Ravi Shankar Reddy, Adel Alshahrani, Saud F Alsubaie
  Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare.2024; Volume 17: 3043.     CrossRef
• Romberg's test revisited: Changes in classical and advanced sway metrics in patients with pure sensory neuropathy
  Evangelos Anagnostou, Maria Kouvli, Evangelia Karagianni, Anastasia Gamvroula, Theodosis Kalamatianos, George Stranjalis, Maria Skoularidou
  Neurophysiologie Clinique.2024; 54(5): 102999.     CrossRef
• Balance, Gait, Functionality and Fall Occurrence in Adults and Older Adults with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Associated Peripheral Neuropathy
  Natália Maria Bezerra Tavares, Jonathânya Marques Silva, Mayra Darlene Morato da Silva, Letícia Danielly Tenório Silva, Jackson Nascimento de Souza, Lucas Ithamar, Maria Cristina Falcão Raposo, Renato S. Melo
  Clinics and Practice.2024; 14(5): 2044.     CrossRef
• Knee proprioception, muscle strength, and stability in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus- A cross-sectional study
  Khalid A. Alahmari, Ravi Shankar Reddy
  Heliyon.2024; 10(20): e39270.     CrossRef
• The Effect of BMI on Risk of Fall Using Berg Balance Scale in Middle Age Patients with Type-2 Diabetes
  Rashi Agrawal, Sana Rai, Suvarna Ganvir
  Journal of Ecophysiology and Occupational Health.2024; : 55.     CrossRef
• Plantar fascia stiffness in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: Stiffness effect on fall risk and gait speed
  Rumeysa Çakici, Tülay Çevik Saldiran, İlke Kara, Hasan Açik
  The Foot.2023; 56: 102020.     CrossRef
• Calf cutaneous stimulation generates reflexes in the thigh that can be modified by subthreshold noisy vibration
  Emma B. Plater, Tushar Sharma, Ryan M. Peters, Leah R. Bent
  Journal of Neurophysiology.2023; 130(1): 199.     CrossRef
• Effects of supervised structured exercise program on postural control and gait in subjects with type-2 diabetes
  Aarti Popaliya, Chaitali Shah
  Journal of Diabetology.2023; 14(4): 256.     CrossRef
• The effect of exercise therapy on balance in patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathy: a systematic review
  Narges Jahantigh Akbari, Sedigheh Sadat Naimi
  Journal of Diabetes & Metabolic Disorders.2022; 21(2): 1861.     CrossRef
• Foot and ankle characteristics associated with fear of falling and mobility in community‐dwelling older people: a cross‐sectional study
  Fateme Pol, Zahra Khajooei, Sayed Mohsen Hosseini, Alireza Taheri, Saeed Forghany, Hylton B. Menz
  Journal of Foot and Ankle Research.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Cutaneous and muscular afferents from the foot and sensory fusion processing: Physiology and pathology in neuropathies
  Guido Felicetti, Philippe Thoumie, Manh‐Cuong Do, Marco Schieppati
  Journal of the Peripheral Nervous System.2021; 26(1): 17.     CrossRef
• Wearable Focal Muscle Vibration on Pain, Balance, Mobility, and Sensation in Individuals with Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy: A Pilot Study
  Raghuveer Chandrashekhar, Hongwu Wang, Carol Dionne, Shirley James, Jenni Burzycki
  International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2021; 18(5): 2415.     CrossRef
• Risk of non-vertebral fractures in men with type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies
  Yang Gao, Fang Chai
  Experimental Gerontology.2021; 150: 111378.     CrossRef
• Effects of physical-cognitive training on physical and psychological functions among older adults with type 2 diabetes and balance impairment: a randomized controlled trial
  Ratchanok Kraiwong, Mantana Vongsirinavarat, Maliwan Rueankam, Thanayot Sumalrot
  Journal of Exercise Rehabilitation.2021; 17(2): 120.     CrossRef
• Remote Subthreshold Stimulation Enhances Skin Sensitivity in the Lower Extremity
  Emma B. Plater, Vivian S. Seto, Ryan M. Peters, Leah R. Bent
  Frontiers in Human Neuroscience.2021;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Fear of Falling, Lower Extremity Strength, and Physical and Balance Performance in Older Adults with Diabetes Mellitus
  Mantana Vongsirinavarat, Witaya Mathiyakom, Ratchanok Kraiwong, Vimonwan Hiengkaew
  Journal of Diabetes Research.2020; 2020: 1.     CrossRef
• Association of disease duration and sensorimotor function in type 2 diabetes mellitus: beyond diabetic peripheral neuropathy
  Neha Khan, Irshad Ahmad, Majumi M. Noohu
  Somatosensory & Motor Research.2020; 37(4): 326.     CrossRef

Objective
To update evidence on the effects of breathing exercises (BEs) on ventilation, exercise capacity, dyspnea, and quality of life (QoL) in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients.
Methods
Randomized controlled trials investigating the effects of BEs in COPD patients published through May 2018, were retrieved from five electronic databases (MEDLINE, CINAHL, Cochrane, Scopus, and ScienceDirect). Risk of bias and quality of evidence were assessed, using Cochrane Collaboration’s tool, and the Grading of Recommendation Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) approach, respectively.
Results
Nineteen studies (n=745), were included. Quality of evidence, was low to moderate. When compared to the control groups, respiratory rate significantly (p≤0.001) improved in the pursed-lip breathing (PLB), ventilatory feedback (VF) plus exercise, diaphragmatic breathing exercise (DBE), and combined BEs. Additionally, PLB significantly improved tidal volume (p<0.001), inspiratory time (p=0.007), and total respiratory time (p<0.001). VF plus exercise significantly improved inspiratory capacity (p<0.001), and singing significantly improved the physical component of QoL, than did the control groups (p<0.001). All BEs did not significantly improve dyspnea, compared to the controls (p>0.05).
Conclusion
PLB, VF plus exercise, DBE, combined BEs, and singing could be used to improve ventilation and QoL. Based on low to moderate quality of evidence, use of these BEs to improve ventilation and QoL in COPD patients is conditional (Registration No. CRD42018102995).

Citations

• Effects of breathing exercises performed with virtual reality on dyspnea, anxiety and quality of life in COPD patients: A randomized controlled trial
  Derya Şimşekli, Mehtap Tan
  Heart & Lung.2025; 71: 7.     CrossRef
• BREATHLEssness in INDIA (BREATHE-INDIA): realist review to develop explanatory programme theory about breathlessness self-management in India
  Joseph Clark, Naveen Salins, Mithili Sherigar, Siân Williams, Mark Pearson, Seema Rajesh Rao, Anna Spathis, Rajani Bhat, David C. Currow, Kirsty Fraser, Srinagesh Simha, Miriam J. Johnson
  npj Primary Care Respiratory Medicine.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Effects of Breathing Exercises in Patients With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Network Meta-analysis
  Yingying Cai, Xiaohe Ren, Jingyi Wang, Bin Ma, Ou Chen
  Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation.2024; 105(3): 558.     CrossRef
• Effectiveness of mind–body exercises in chronic respiratory diseases: an overview of systematic reviews with meta-analyses
  Alberto Marcos Heredia-Rizo, Javier Martinez-Calderon, Fernando Piña-Pozo, Paula González-García, Cristina García-Muñoz
  Disability and Rehabilitation.2024; 46(12): 2496.     CrossRef
• Mind-body internet and mobile-based interventions for depression and anxiety in adults with chronic physical conditions: A systematic review of RCTs
  Emily Johnson, Shaina Corrick, Serena Isley, Ben Vandermeer, Naomi Dolgoy, Jack Bates, Elana Godfrey, Cassidy Soltys, Conall Muir, Sunita Vohra, Puneeta Tandon, Haleh Ayatollahi
  PLOS Digital Health.2024; 3(1): e0000435.     CrossRef
• The Effectiveness of Combined Resistance and Breathing Exercise Education in Alleviating Dyspnea and Anxiety Among COVID-19 Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial
  Tahereh Ramezani, Zahra Saboohi, Majid Hamoongard, Zahra Taheri-Kharameh
  Middle East Journal of Rehabilitation and Health Studies.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Nursing interventions to promote dyspnea self-management of complex chronic patients: An integrated review
  Helga Rafael Henriques, Andreia Correia, Tatiana Santos, José Faria, Diana Sousa, Joana Portela, Joana Teixeira
  International Journal of Nursing Sciences.2024; 11(2): 241.     CrossRef
• The effect of manual therapy on diaphragm function in adults with asthma: Protocol for a randomized controlled trial
  Dimitrios Tsimouris, Eirini Grammatopoulou, Maria Papandreou, George Gioftsos, George Koumantakis
  F1000Research.2024; 12: 1361.     CrossRef
• Effect of breathing exercises on patients with interstitial lung disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis
  Jia Fan, Yuyang Chang, Siming Cheng, Bing Liang, Danhua Qu
  Quality of Life Research.2024; 33(9): 2335.     CrossRef
• The Effect of Breathing Exercise on Self-Care Management in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Patients
  Mehtap Tan, Derya Şimşekli, Gönül Gökçay
  Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences.2024; 14(3): 719.     CrossRef
• Comparing Guided and Non-guided Deep Breathing Impact on Disability Well-Being: A Systematic Review
  Eng-Keat Kwa, Soon-Keng Cheong, Lin-Kooi Ong, Poh-Foong Lee
  Journal of Medical and Biological Engineering.2024; 44(5): 635.     CrossRef
• Immediate and Long-Term Effects of Breathing Exercises on Reaction Time
  Burçin Akçay, Ozan Bahadır Türkmen, Ebru Kaya Mutlu, Canan Demir, Ahmet Kurtoğlu, Kopzhassar Bayetov, Madawi H. Alotaibi, Safaa M. Elkholi
  Medicina.2024; 60(11): 1890.     CrossRef
• Immediate effects of structured and natural deep breathing on heart rate variability and blood pressure in community-dwelling older adults
  Ting-Ting Yeh, Yi-Chieh Ho
  Experimental Gerontology.2024; 198: 112644.     CrossRef
• Effects of physical therapy via telerehabilitation on cardiopulmonary, physical and psychological function in patients with coronavirus disease 2019: A randomised controlled trial
  Benyada Suthanawarakul, Noppawan Promma, Pacharaporn Iampinyo, Chanatsupang Saraboon, Jatupat Wattanaprateep, Pooriput Waongenngarm
  Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Effect of breathwork on stress and mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised-controlled trials
  Guy William Fincham, Clara Strauss, Jesus Montero-Marin, Kate Cavanagh
  Scientific Reports.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Distinguishing science from pseudoscience in commercial respiratory interventions: an evidence-based guide for health and exercise professionals
  Camilla R. Illidi, Lee M. Romer, Michael A. Johnson, Neil C. Williams, Harry B. Rossiter, Richard Casaburi, Nicholas B. Tiller
  European Journal of Applied Physiology.2023; 123(8): 1599.     CrossRef
• Pulmonary rehabilitation care: Current perspective
  Ankit Kumar, Surya Kant
  IP Indian Journal of Immunology and Respiratory Medicine.2023; 8(1): 6.     CrossRef
• Effect of physiotherapy and its frequency on the outcome of COVID-19 patients regarding acute care setting at isolation unit of Ain Shams University
  Mona M El-Bably, Ahmed M M Galal, Riham Hazem Rafat, Samia M Abd El Rehem
  The Egyptian Journal of Chest Diseases and Tuberculosis.2023; 72(3): 433.     CrossRef
• Development of Personalized Respiratory Training Device with Real-time Feedback for Respiratory Muscle Strengthening
  Merve Nur Uygun, Yeong-geol Bae, Yejin Choi, Dae-Sung Park
  Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science.2023; 12(3): 251.     CrossRef
• The effect of manual therapy on diaphragm function in adults with asthma: Protocol for a randomized controlled trial
  Dimitrios Tsimouris, Eirini Grammatopoulou, Maria Papandreou, George Gioftsos, George Koumantakis
  F1000Research.2023; 12: 1361.     CrossRef
• Cognitive Improvement through Breathing Exercises in Post-Stroke Respiratory Sarcopenia: A Review
  Jeong-Gon Lee, Jae-Hoon Lee, Min-Seong Ha
  Exercise Science.2023; 32(4): 358.     CrossRef
• Effect of pulmonary rehabilitation on dyspnea and exercise tolerance in patients with interstitial lung disease: a systematic review
  Nicholas DePietro, Jennifer Rinaldi, Courtney Nieschwitz, Heather Robinson, Alysha Walter
  Physical Therapy Reviews.2022; 27(3): 214.     CrossRef
• Effects of breathing control using visual feedback of thoracoabdominal movement on aerobic exercise
  Nobuhisa Ishii, Kazuhide Tomita, Kenta Kawamura, Yukako Setaka, Ryo Yoshida, Reiko Takeshima
  Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology.2022; 301: 103887.     CrossRef
• Evidence-based management approaches for patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): A practice review
  Yu Fu, Emma J Chapman, Alison C Boland, Michael I Bennett
  Palliative Medicine.2022; 36(5): 770.     CrossRef
• Effects of Farinelli Breating Exercise on Respiratory Function and Symptoms in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
  Supawit Ittinirundorn, Naiyana Wongsaita, Dujrath Somboonviboon, Wannaporn Tongtako
  Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases.2022; 85(2): 137.     CrossRef
• Evaluating the Efficiency of Breathing Exercises via Telemedicine in Post-Covid-19 Patients: Randomized Controlled Study
  Fatih Okan, Sevil Okan, Fadime Duran Yücesoy
  Clinical Nursing Research.2022; 31(5): 771.     CrossRef
• The Effect of Progressive Muscle Relaxation and Deep Breathing Exercises on Dyspnea and Fatigue Symptoms of COPD Patients
  Adile Neşe, Sevgin Samancıoğlu Bağlama
  Holistic Nursing Practice.2022; 36(4): E18.     CrossRef
• A Retrospective Study of Diaphragmatic Breathing Training Combined with Discharge Care Bundles in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
  Shuhui Yu, Chen Lu, Lingling Qin, Weiguo Li
  Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine.2022; 2022: 1.     CrossRef
• “I Felt Grounded and Clear-Headed”: Qualitative Exploration of a Mind-Body Physical Activity Intervention on Stress Among College Students During COVID-19
  Ildiko Strehli, Donna H. Ziegenfuss, Martin E. Block, Ryan D. Burns, Yang Bai, Timothy A. Brusseau
  INQUIRY: The Journal of Health Care Organization, Provision, and Financing.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Validity and Reliability of Korean Version of Self-Care Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Inventory (SC-COPD) and Self-Care Self-Efficacy Scale (SCES-COPD)
  Ja Yun Choi, So Young Yun
  Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2022; 52(5): 522.     CrossRef
• Elementary Pulmonary Rehabilitation Protocol to Ameliorate Functionality Level in Case of Pneumothorax Following Emphysema: A Case Report
  Ritika S Bhagwani, Vaishnavi Yadav, Shubhada R Dhait, Samruddhi M Karanjkar, Roshni R Nandanwar
  Cureus.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Effect of Singing on Symptoms in Stable COPD: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
  Xuejie Fang, Zhengtong Qiao, Xinjuan Yu, Rujin Tian, Kai Liu, Wei Han
  International Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.2022; Volume 17: 2893.     CrossRef
• Breathing Exercises in the Treatment of COPD: An Overview of Systematic Reviews
  Yiting Li, Zile Ji, Yan Wang, Xuanlin Li, Yang Xie
  International Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.2022; Volume 17: 3075.     CrossRef
• Community-Based Pulmonary Rehabilitation Programs in Individuals With COPD
  Marisela Barbosa, Renato Andrade, Cristina Argel de Melo, Rui Torres
  Respiratory Care.2022; 67(5): 579.     CrossRef
• Breathing exercises in people with COPD: A realist review
  Jing Li, Wei Liu, Xinxin Ding, Wenjing Wang, Kun Li
  Journal of Advanced Nursing.2021; 77(4): 1698.     CrossRef
• The effects of yoga on dyspnea, sleep and fatigue in chronic respiratory diseases
  Zülfünaz Özer, Gülcan Bahçecioğlu Turan, Meyreme Aksoy
  Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice.2021; 43: 101306.     CrossRef
• Rehabilitation, a necessity in hospitalized and discharged people infected with COVID-19: a narrative review
  Najmeh Sedighimehr, Javad Fathi, Nahal Hadi, Zahra Sadat Rezaeian
  Physical Therapy Reviews.2021; 26(3): 202.     CrossRef
• Prediction of COVID-19 Hospital Length of Stay and Risk of Death Using Artificial Intelligence-Based Modeling
  Bassam Mahboub, Mohammad T. Al Bataineh, Hussam Alshraideh, Rifat Hamoudi, Laila Salameh, Abdulrahim Shamayleh
  Frontiers in Medicine.2021;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Effects of visual feedback of thoracoabdominal motion on oxygen consumption during hyperventilation - Pilot study
  Nobuhisa Ishii, Kazuhide Tomita, Reiko Takeshima, Kenta Kawamura, Yukako Setaka, Ryo Yoshida, Shigeyuki Imura
  Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies.2021; 28: 317.     CrossRef
• Development of a smartphone application for Korean patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Self-monitoring based action plans
  Ja Yun Choi, Maureen George, So Young Yun
  Applied Nursing Research.2021; 61: 151475.     CrossRef
• Development of an educational intervention to reduce the burden of adult chronic lung disease in rural India: Inputs from a qualitative study
  Biswajit Paul, Rita Isaac, Hemalatha R., Paul Jebaraj, Muthathal S., Deepa Das, John Norrie, Liz Grant, Hilary Pinnock, Harish Nair, Aziz Sheikh, David Weller, Vijayaprasad Gopichandran
  PLOS ONE.2021; 16(7): e0254534.     CrossRef
• The physiology of singing and implications for ‘Singing for Lung Health’ as a therapy for individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
  Adam Lewis, Keir Elmslie James Philip, Adam Lound, Phoene Cave, Juliet Russell, Nicholas S Hopkinson
  BMJ Open Respiratory Research.2021; 8(1): e000996.     CrossRef
• Evaluate Breathing Exercises on Improvement in Respiratory Status among Patients with Respiratory Diseases
  Gitima Kalita, Nabajani Dutta
  Asian Journal of Nursing Education and Research.2021; : 495.     CrossRef
• Effect of Inspiratory Muscle Training on Anxiety and Depression in Patient with COPD that Received Pursed Lip Breathing
  Yeanita, Rahmi Isma Asmara Putri
  Indonesian Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation.2021; 9(02): 87.     CrossRef
• Simulation-based learning to enhance students’ knowledge and skills in educating older patients
  Goodarz Torkshavand, Mahnaz Khatiban, Ali Reza Soltanian
  Nurse Education in Practice.2020; 42: 102678.     CrossRef
• Interventions to Improve the Quality of Life of Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Global Mapping During 1990–2018
  Giap Van Vu, Giang Hai Ha, Cuong Tat Nguyen, Giang Thu Vu, Hai Quang Pham, Carl A. Latkin, Bach Xuan Tran, Roger C. M. Ho, Cyrus S. H. Ho
  International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2020; 17(9): 3089.     CrossRef
• Effects of Diaphragmatic Breathing on Health: A Narrative Review
  Hidetaka Hamasaki
  Medicines.2020; 7(10): 65.     CrossRef
• The Use of Diaphragm Ultrasonography in Pulmonary Physiotherapy of COPD Patients: A Literature Review
  Agnieszka Lewińska, Karen Shahnazaryan
  Journal of Clinical Medicine.2020; 9(11): 3525.     CrossRef
• Comparative effectiveness of breathing exercises in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
  Nicola Marotta, Andrea Demeco, Lucrezia Moggio, Cinzia Marinaro, Ilaria Pino, Marianna Barletta, Annalisa Petraroli, Davide Pepe, Francesco Lavano, Antonio Ammendolia
  Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice.2020; 41: 101260.     CrossRef
• Effects of pursed-lip breathing and forward trunk lean postures on total and compartmental lung volumes and ventilation in patients with mild to moderate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
  Nutsupa Ubolnuar, Anong Tantisuwat, Premtip Thaveeratitham, Somrat Lertmaharit, Chathipat Kruapanich, Jaturong Chimpalee, Witaya Mathiyakom
  Medicine.2020; 99(51): e23646.     CrossRef
• Training of Respiratory Muscles in Motion in the Physical Rehabilitation of Patients with Chronic Cerebral Ischem
  V.V. Ezhov, V.I. Mizin, A.Yu. Tsarev, T.E. Platunova
  Bulletin of Restorative Medicine.2020; 100(6): 19.     CrossRef
• The Effect of Controlled Breathing Exercises on Anxiety and Arterial Oxygen Saturation in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease the Military Specialist Hospitals
  Abdi Alvar. D, Kalroozi. F, Nezamzadeh. M, Pishgooie. SAH
  Military Caring Sciences.2020; 7(2): 96.     CrossRef

Most studies concerning congenital mirror movements (CMMs) have been focused on the motor organization in the distal hand muscles exclusively. To the best of our knowledge, there is no data on motor organization pattern of lower extremities, and a scarcity of data on the significance of forearm and arm muscles in CMMs. Here, we describe the case of a 19-year-old boy presenting mirror movements. In these terms, a 10-year transcranial magnetic stimulation study demonstrated that the motor organization pattern of the arm muscles was different from that of distal hand and forearm muscles even in the same upper extremity, and that the lower extremities showed the same pathways as healthy children. Moreover, in this case, an ipsilateral motor evoked potentials (MEPs) for distal hand muscles increased in amplitude with age, even though the intensity of mirror movements decreased. In the arm muscles, however, it was concluded that the contralateral MEPs increased in amplitude with age.

Citations

• Safety and recommendations for TMS use in healthy subjects and patient populations, with updates on training, ethical and regulatory issues: Expert Guidelines
  Simone Rossi, Andrea Antal, Sven Bestmann, Marom Bikson, Carmen Brewer, Jürgen Brockmöller, Linda L. Carpenter, Massimo Cincotta, Robert Chen, Jeff D. Daskalakis, Vincenzo Di Lazzaro, Michael D. Fox, Mark S. George, Donald Gilbert, Vasilios K. Kimiskidis,
  Clinical Neurophysiology.2021; 132(1): 269.     CrossRef
• Motor Organization in Schizencephaly: Outcomes of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and Diffusion Tensor Imaging of Motor Tract Projections Correlate with the Different Domains of Hand Function
  Ju-Yul Yoon, Da-Sol Kim, Gi-Wook Kim, Myoung-Hwan Ko, Jeong-Hwan Seo, Yu Hui Won, Sung-Hee Park, Steven De Vleeschouwer
  BioMed Research International.2021;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Mirror Movements in Acquired Neurological Disorders: A Mini-Review
  Ping Liu, Yuan Yuan, Ning Zhang, Xiaoyan Liu, Lihua Yu, Benyan Luo
  Frontiers in Neurology.2021;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Heterozygous variants in DCC
  Sebastian Thams, Mominul Islam, Marie Lindefeldt, Ann Nordgren, Tobias Granberg, Bianca Tesi, Gisela Barbany, Daniel Nilsson, Martin Paucar
  Neurology Genetics.2020;[Epub]     CrossRef

We report two cases of subacute combined degeneration (SCD) caused by nitrous oxide (N₂O) gas intoxication, which is rarely reported in Korea. Two patients recreationally inhaled N₂O gas daily for several months. They presented with paresthesia of limbs, voiding difficulty, and gait disturbance. The initial vitamin B₁₂ levels were normal or decreased, but homocysteine levels of the two patients were increased. Magnetic resonance imaging of the cervical spine showed T2-weighted hyperintensity in the bilateral dorsal columns of the cervical spinal cord. Electromyography and somatosensory evoked potential tests for both patients suggested posterior column lesion of the spinal cord combined with sensorimotor polyneuropathy. According to these findings, we concluded that the two patients had SCD. The patient’s symptoms partially improved after cessation of N₂O gas inhalation and the receiving of vitamin B₁₂ supplementation therapy. As the incidence of recreational N₂O gas inhalation is increasing in Korea, physicians must be alert to the N₂O induced SCD in patients presenting with progressive myelopathy.

Citations

• Neurotoxicity mechanisms and clinical implications of six common recreational drugs
  Jing Wang, Yulei Hao, Di Ma, Liangshu Feng, Feng Yang, Pingxu An, Xingqi Su, Jiachun Feng
  Frontiers in Pharmacology.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Current regulations in context: Scraping Australia's online nitrous oxide market
  Samuel Gresham, Jacques Eugene Raubenheimer
  International Journal of Drug Policy.2025; 139: 104773.     CrossRef
• Neurological Manifestations Induced by Nitrous Oxide Abuse
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• Clinical, Electrophysiological and Radiological Features of Nitrous Oxide-Induced Neurological Disorders

  
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